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Ponsaerts L, Alders L, Schepers M, de Oliveira RMW, Prickaerts J, Vanmierlo T, Bronckaers A. Neuroinflammation in Ischemic Stroke: Inhibition of cAMP-Specific Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) to the Rescue. Biomedicines 2021; 9:703. [PMID: 34206420 PMCID: PMC8301462 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by a thromboembolic occlusion of a major cerebral artery, with the impaired blood flow triggering neuroinflammation and subsequent neuronal damage. Both the innate immune system (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages) in the acute ischemic stroke phase and the adaptive immune system (e.g., T cells, B cells) in the chronic phase contribute to this neuroinflammatory process. Considering that the available therapeutic strategies are insufficiently successful, there is an urgent need for novel treatment options. It has been shown that increasing cAMP levels lowers neuroinflammation. By inhibiting cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs), i.e., PDE4, 7, and 8, neuroinflammation can be tempered through elevating cAMP levels and, thereby, this can induce an improved functional recovery. This review discusses recent preclinical findings, clinical implications, and future perspectives of cAMP-specific PDE inhibition as a novel research interest for the treatment of ischemic stroke. In particular, PDE4 inhibition has been extensively studied, and is promising for the treatment of acute neuroinflammation following a stroke, whereas PDE7 and 8 inhibition more target the T cell component. In addition, more targeted PDE4 gene inhibition, or combined PDE4 and PDE7 or 8 inhibition, requires more extensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ponsaerts
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (L.P.); (L.A.); (M.S.)
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Lotte Alders
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (L.P.); (L.A.); (M.S.)
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (L.P.); (L.A.); (M.S.)
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jos Prickaerts
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (L.P.); (L.A.); (M.S.)
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (L.P.); (L.A.); (M.S.)
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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