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Zambrana W, Catoe D, Coffman MM, Kim S, Anand A, Solis D, Sahoo MK, Pinsky BA, Bhatt AS, Boehm AB, Wolfe MK. SARS-CoV-2 RNA and N Antigen Quantification via Wastewater at the Campus Level, Building Cluster Level, and Individual-Building Level. ACS ES T Water 2022; 2:2025-2033. [PMID: 37552722 PMCID: PMC9128006 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 from populations smaller than those served by wastewater treatment plants may help identify small spatial areas (subsewersheds) where COVID-19 infections are present. We sampled wastewater from three nested locations with different sized populations within the same sewer network at a university campus and quantified SARS-CoV-2 RNA using reverse transcriptase droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR). SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations and/or concentrations normalized by PMMoV were positively associated with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases for both the sewershed level and the subsewershed level. We also used an antigen-based assay to detect the nucleocapsid (N) antigen from SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples at the sewershed level. The N antigen was regularly detected at the sewershed level, but the results were not associated with either laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases or SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations. The results of this study indicate that wastewater monitoring based on quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using PCR-based methods is associated with COVID-19 cases at multiple geographic scales within the subsewershed level and can serve to aid the public health response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Zambrana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - David Catoe
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology,
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road,
Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Mhara M. Coffman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Sooyeol Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Archana Anand
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Daniel Solis
- Department of Pathology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United
States
| | - Malaya K. Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United
States
| | - Benjamin A. Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United
States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United
States
| | - Ami S. Bhatt
- Department of Medicine (Hematology) and Department of
Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,
United States
| | - Alexandria B. Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California
94305, United States
| | - Marlene K. Wolfe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California
94305, United States
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School
of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322,
United States
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