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Kilteni K, Ehrsson HH. Dynamic changes in somatosensory and cerebellar activity mediate temporal recalibration of self-touch. Commun Biol 2024; 7:522. [PMID: 38702520 PMCID: PMC11068753 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
An organism's ability to accurately anticipate the sensations caused by its own actions is crucial for a wide range of behavioral, perceptual, and cognitive functions. Notably, the sensorimotor expectations produced when touching one's own body attenuate such sensations, making them feel weaker and less ticklish and rendering them easily distinguishable from potentially harmful touches of external origin. How the brain learns and keeps these action-related sensory expectations updated is unclear. Here we employ psychophysics and functional magnetic resonance imaging to pinpoint the behavioral and neural substrates of dynamic recalibration of expected temporal delays in self-touch. Our psychophysical results reveal that self-touches are less attenuated after systematic exposure to delayed self-generated touches, while responses in the contralateral somatosensory cortex that normally distinguish between delayed and nondelayed self-generated touches become indistinguishable. During the exposure, the ipsilateral anterior cerebellum shows increased activity, supporting its proposed role in recalibrating sensorimotor predictions. Moreover, responses in the cingulate areas gradually increase, suggesting that as delay adaptation progresses, the nondelayed self-touches trigger activity related to cognitive conflict. Together, our results show that sensorimotor predictions in the simplest act of touching one's own body are upheld by a sophisticated and flexible neural mechanism that maintains them accurate in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kilteni
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - H Henrik Ehrsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Llorens-Bobadilla E, Zamboni M, Marklund M, Bhalla N, Chen X, Hartman J, Frisén J, Ståhl PL. Solid-phase capture and profiling of open chromatin by spatial ATAC. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1085-1088. [PMID: 36604544 PMCID: PMC10421738 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for epigenomic profiling are limited in their ability to obtain genome-wide information with spatial resolution. We introduce spatial ATAC, a method that integrates transposase-accessible chromatin profiling in tissue sections with barcoded solid-phase capture to perform spatially resolved epigenomics. We show that spatial ATAC enables the discovery of the regulatory programs underlying spatial gene expression during mouse organogenesis, lineage differentiation and in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margherita Zamboni
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Marklund
- SciLifeLab, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nayanika Bhalla
- SciLifeLab, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinsong Chen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Hartman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik L Ståhl
- SciLifeLab, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Walter M, Mayr F, Hanna BMF, Cookson V, Mortusewicz O, Helleday T, Herr P. NUDT22 promotes cancer growth through pyrimidine salvage. Oncogene 2023; 42:1282-1293. [PMID: 36871087 PMCID: PMC10101856 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The NUDIX hydrolase NUDT22 converts UDP-glucose into glucose-1-phosphate and the pyrimidine nucleotide uridine monophosphate but a biological significance for this biochemical reaction has not yet been established. Glucose-1-phosphate is an important metabolite for energy and biomass production through glycolysis and nucleotides required for DNA replication are produced through energetically expensive de novo or energy-efficient salvage pathways. Here, we describe p53-regulated pyrimidine salvage through NUDT22-dependent hydrolysis of UDP-glucose to maintain cancer cell growth and to prevent replication stress. NUDT22 expression is consistently elevated in cancer tissues and high NUDT22 expression correlates with worse survival outcomes in patients indicating an increased dependency of cancer cells to NUDT22. Furthermore, we show that NUDT22 transcription is induced after inhibition of glycolysis, MYC-mediated oncogenic stress, and DNA damage directly through p53. NUDT22-deficient cancer cells suffer from growth retardation, S-phase delay, and slower DNA replication fork speed. Uridine supplementation rescues replication fork progression and alleviates replication stress and DNA damage. Conversely, NUDT22 deficiency sensitizes cells to de novo pyrimidine synthesis inhibition in vitro and reduces cancer growth in vivo. In conclusion, NUDT22 maintains pyrimidine supply in cancer cells and depletion of NUDT22 leads to genome instability. Targeting NUDT22 therefore has high potential for therapeutic applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Walter
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Florian Mayr
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bishoy M F Hanna
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victoria Cookson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Oliver Mortusewicz
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Herr
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
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Nilsson KH, Wu J, Gustafsson KL, El Shahawy M, Koskela A, Tuukkanen J, Tuckermann J, Henning P, Lerner UH, Ohlsson C, Movérare-Skrtic S. Estradiol and RSPO3 regulate vertebral trabecular bone mass independent of each other. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E211-E218. [PMID: 35068191 PMCID: PMC8896994 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00383.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an age-dependent serious skeletal disease that leads to great suffering for the patient and high social costs, especially as the global population reaches higher age. Decreasing estrogen levels after menopause result in a substantial bone loss and increased fracture risk, whereas estrogen treatment improves bone mass in women. RSPO3, a secreted protein that modulates WNT signaling, increases trabecular bone mass and strength in the vertebrae of mice, and is associated with trabecular density and risk of distal forearm fractures in humans. The aim of the present study was to determine if RSPO3 is involved in the bone-sparing effect of estrogens. We first observed that estradiol (E2) treatment increases RSPO3 expression in bone of ovariectomized (OVX) mice, supporting a possible role of RSPO3 in the bone-sparing effect of estrogens. As RSPO3 is mainly expressed by osteoblasts in the bone, we used a mouse model devoid of osteoblast-derived RSPO3 (Runx2-creRspo3flox/flox mice) to determine if RSPO3 is required for the bone-sparing effect of E2 in OVX mice. We confirmed that osteoblast-specific RSPO3 inactivation results in a substantial reduction in trabecular bone mass and strength in the vertebrae. However, E2 increased vertebral trabecular bone mass and strength similarly in mice devoid of osteoblast-derived RSPO3 and control mice. Unexpectedly, osteoblast-derived RSPO3 was needed for the full estrogenic response on cortical bone thickness. In conclusion, although osteoblast-derived RSPO3 is a crucial regulator of vertebral trabecular bone, it is required for a full estrogenic effect on cortical, but not trabecular, bone in OVX mice. Thus, estradiol and RSPO3 regulate vertebral trabecular bone mass independent of each other.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Osteoblast-derived RSPO3 is known to be a crucial regulator of vertebral trabecular bone. Our new findings show that RSPO3 and estrogen regulate trabecular bone independent of each other, but that RSPO3 is necessary for a complete estrogenic effect on cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin H Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jianyao Wu
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin L Gustafsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maha El Shahawy
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antti Koskela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Tuukkanen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Henning
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf H Lerner
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Movérare-Skrtic
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Andersson A, Larsson L, Stenbeck L, Salmén F, Ehinger A, Wu SZ, Al-Eryani G, Roden D, Swarbrick A, Borg Å, Frisén J, Engblom C, Lundeberg J. Spatial deconvolution of HER2-positive breast cancer delineates tumor-associated cell type interactions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6012. [PMID: 34650042 PMCID: PMC8516894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, transcriptomic studies have revolutionized cancer treatment and diagnosis. However, tumor sequencing strategies typically result in loss of spatial information, critical to understand cell interactions and their functional relevance. To address this, we investigate spatial gene expression in HER2-positive breast tumors using Spatial Transcriptomics technology. We show that expression-based clustering enables data-driven tumor annotation and assessment of intra- and interpatient heterogeneity; from which we discover shared gene signatures for immune and tumor processes. By integration with single cell data, we spatially map tumor-associated cell types to find tertiary lymphoid-like structures, and a type I interferon response overlapping with regions of T-cell and macrophage subset colocalization. We construct a predictive model to infer presence of tertiary lymphoid-like structures, applicable across tissue types and technical platforms. Taken together, we combine different data modalities to define a high resolution map of cellular interactions in tumors and provide tools generalizing across tissues and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Andersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Larsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linnea Stenbeck
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Salmén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Ehinger
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sunny Z Wu
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ghamdan Al-Eryani
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Roden
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alex Swarbrick
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Åke Borg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Engblom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Das I, Gad H, Bräutigam L, Pudelko L, Tuominen R, Höiom V, Almlöf I, Rajagopal V, Hansson J, Helleday T, Egyházi Brage S, Warpman Berglund U. AXL and CAV-1 play a role for MTH1 inhibitor TH1579 sensitivity in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2081-2098. [PMID: 31919461 PMCID: PMC7308409 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is the deadliest form of skin cancer and clinically challenging due to its propensity to develop therapy resistance. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce DNA damage and play a significant role in CMM. MTH1 protein protects from ROS damage and is often overexpressed in different cancer types including CMM. Herein, we report that MTH1 inhibitor TH1579 induced ROS levels, increased DNA damage responses, caused mitotic arrest and suppressed CMM proliferation leading to cell death both in vitro and in an in vivo xenograft CMM zebrafish disease model. TH1579 was more potent in abrogating cell proliferation and inducing cell death in a heterogeneous co-culture setting when compared with CMM standard treatments, vemurafenib or trametinib, showing its broad anticancer activity. Silencing MTH1 alone exhibited similar cytotoxic effects with concomitant induction of mitotic arrest and ROS induction culminating in cell death in most CMM cell lines tested, further emphasizing the importance of MTH1 in CMM cells. Furthermore, overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinase AXL, previously demonstrated to contribute to BRAF inhibitor resistance, sensitized BRAF mutant and BRAF/NRAS wildtype CMM cells to TH1579. AXL overexpression culminated in increased ROS levels in CMM cells. Moreover, silencing of a protein that has shown opposing effects on cell proliferation, CAV-1, decreased sensitivity to TH1579 in a BRAF inhibitor resistant cell line. AXL-MTH1 and CAV-1-MTH1 mRNA expressions were correlated as seen in CMM clinical samples. Finally, TH1579 in combination with BRAF inhibitor exhibited a more potent cell killing effect in BRAF mutant cells both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, we show that TH1579-mediated efficacy is independent of BRAF/NRAS mutational status but dependent on the expression of AXL and CAV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Das
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helge Gad
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Weston Park Cancer Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Lars Bräutigam
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Pudelko
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rainer Tuominen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Almlöf
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Varshni Rajagopal
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Weston Park Cancer Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Suzanne Egyházi Brage
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Warpman Berglund
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lai JCY, Svedin P, Ek CJ, Mottahedin A, Wang X, Levy O, Currie A, Strunk T, Mallard C. Vancomycin Is Protective in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Staphylococcus epidermidis-Potentiated Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e02003-19. [PMID: 31818825 PMCID: PMC7038267 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02003-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is correlated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental sequelae in preterm infants. In modeling neonatal brain injury, Toll-like receptor agonists have often been used to mimic infections and induce inflammation. Using the most common cause of bacteremia in preterm infants, Staphylococcus epidermidis, we present a more clinically relevant neonatal mouse model that addresses the combined effects of bacterial infection together with subsequent hypoxic-ischemic brain insult. Currently, there is no neuroprotective treatment for the preterm population. Hence, we tested the neuroprotective effects of vancomycin with and without adjunct therapy using the anti-inflammatory agent pentoxifylline. We characterized the effects of S. epidermidis infection on the inflammatory response in the periphery and the brain, as well as the physiological changes in the central nervous system that might affect neurodevelopmental outcomes. Intraperitoneal injection of postnatal day 4 mice with a live clinical isolate of S. epidermidis led to bacteremia and induction of proinflammatory cytokines in the blood, as well as transient elevations of neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic cytokines and caspase 3 activity in the brain. When hypoxia-ischemia was induced postinfection, more severe brain damage was observed in infected animals than in saline-injected controls. This infection-induced inflammation and potentiated brain injury was inoculum dose dependent and was alleviated by the antibiotic vancomycin. Pentoxifylline did not provide any additional neuroprotective effect. Thus, we show for the first time that live S. epidermidis potentiates hypoxic-ischemic preterm brain injury and that peripheral inhibition of inflammation with antibiotics, such as vancomycin, reduces the extent of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amin Mottahedin
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Currie
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tobias Strunk
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Neonatal Directorate, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carina Mallard
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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