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Hennein R, Tiako MJN, Bonumwezi J, Tineo P, Boatright D, Crusto C, Lowe SR. Vicarious Racism, Direct Racism, and Mental Health Among Racialized Minority Healthcare Workers. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01844-7. [PMID: 37935947 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racism-related stress is a root cause of racial and ethnic disparities in mental health outcomes. An individual may be exposed to racism directly or vicariously by hearing about or observing people of the same racial and/or ethnic group experience racism. Although the healthcare setting is a venue by which healthcare workers experience both direct and vicarious racism, few studies have assessed the associations between direct and vicarious racism and mental health outcomes among healthcare workers. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the relationships between direct and vicarious racism and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety among healthcare workers in the USA in 2022. RESULTS Our sample consisted of 259 healthcare workers identifying as a racialized minority, including 68 (26.3%) who identified as mixed-race, 61 (23.6%) East Asian, 36 (13.9%) Black, 33 (12.7%) South Asian, 22 (8.5%) Southeast Asian, 21 (8.1%) Middle Eastern/North African, and 18 (6.9%) another race. The mean age was 37.9 years (SD 10.1). In multivariable linear regression models that adjusted for demographics, work stressors, and social stressors, we found that increased reporting of vicarious racism was associated with greater symptoms of anxiety (B = 0.066, standard error = 0.034, p = .049). We did not identify significant relationships between vicarious and direct racism and symptoms of posttraumatic stress or depression in the fully adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings should be considered by academic health systems to mitigate the negative impact of racism on healthcare workers' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hennein
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Jessica Bonumwezi
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Petty Tineo
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Dowin Boatright
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cindy Crusto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sarah R Lowe
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Misra S, Quinn TJ, Falcone GJ, Sharma VK, de Havenon A, Zhao Y, Eldem E, French JA, Yasuda CL, Dawson J, Liebeskind DS, Kwan P, Mishra NK. Impact of genetic polymorphisms on the risk of epilepsy amongst patients with acute brain injury: A systematic review. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:1791-1800. [PMID: 36912749 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The genetics of late seizure or epilepsy secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI) or stroke are poorly understood. We undertook a systematic review to test the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the risk of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) and post-stroke epilepsy (PSE). METHODS We followed methods from our prespecified protocol on PROSPERO to identify indexed articles for this systematic review. We collated the association statistics from the included articles to assess the association of SNPs with the risk of epilepsy amongst TBI or stroke patients. We assessed study quality using the Q-Genie tool. We report odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The literature search yielded 420 articles. We included 16 studies in our systematic review, of which seven were of poor quality. We examined published data on 127 SNPs from 32 genes identified in PTE and PSE patients. Eleven SNPs were associated with a significantly increased risk of PTE. Three SNPs, TRMP6 rs2274924, ALDH2 rs671, and CD40 -1C/T, were significantly associated with an increased risk of PSE, while two, AT1R rs12721273 and rs55707609, were significantly associated with reduced risk. The meta-analysis for the association of the APOE ɛ4 with PTE was nonsignificant (OR 1.8, CI 0.6-5.6). CONCLUSIONS The current evidence on the association of genetic polymorphisms in epilepsy secondary to TBI or stroke is of low quality and lacks validation. A collaborative effort to pool genetic data linked to epileptogenesis in stroke and TBI patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Misra
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Terence J Quinn
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Guido J Falcone
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vijay K Sharma
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and Division of Neurology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam de Havenon
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yize Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ece Eldem
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jacqueline A French
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Clarissa Lin Yasuda
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jesse Dawson
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David S Liebeskind
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nishant K Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Okan A, Demir N, Sozen B. Unfolded protein response triggers differential apoptotic mechanisms in ovaries and early embryos exposed to maternal type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12759. [PMID: 34140543 PMCID: PMC8211688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has profound effects on the female mammalian reproductive system, and early embryonic development, reducing female reproductive outcomes and inducing developmental programming in utero. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. Accumulating evidence implicates endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress with maternal DM associated pathophysiology. Yet the direct pathologies and causal events leading to ovarian dysfunction and altered early embryonic development have not been determined. Here, using an in vivo mouse model of Type 1 DM and in vitro hyperglycaemia-exposure, we demonstrate the activation of ER-stress within adult ovarian tissue and pre-implantation embryos. In diabetic ovaries, we show that the unfolded protein response (UPR) triggers an apoptotic cascade by the co-activation of Caspase 12 and Cleaved Caspase 3 transducers. Whereas DM-exposed early embryos display differential ER-associated responses; by activating Chop in within embryonic precursors and Caspase 12 within placental precursors. Our results offer new insights for understanding the pathological effects of DM on mammalian ovarian function and early embryo development, providing new evidence of its mechanistic link with ER-stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Okan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Necdet Demir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| | - Berna Sozen
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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