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Ma X, Yang W, Yang A, Chen D, Wang C, Ling S, Cao S, Zuo Z, Wang Y, Zhong Z, Peng G, He M, Gu Y. Metabolome and Transcriptome Combinatory Profiling Reveals Fluconazole Resistance Mechanisms of Trichosporon asahii and the Role of Farnesol in Fluconazole Tolerance. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2798. [PMID: 38004810 PMCID: PMC10672884 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii is a basidiomycete yeast that is pathogenic to humans and animals, and fluconazole-resistant strains have recently increased. Farnesol secreted by fungi is a factor that causes variations in fluconazole resistance; however, few studies have explored the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, this study aims to delineate the fluconazole resistance mechanisms of T. asahii and explore farnesol's effects on these processes. A comparative metabolome-transcriptome analysis of untreated fluconazole-sensitive (YAN), fluconazole-resistant (PB) T. asahii strains, and 25 μM farnesol-treated strains (YAN-25 and PB-25, respectively) was performed. The membrane lipid-related genes and metabolites were upregulated in the PB vs. YAN and PB-25 vs. PB comparisons. Farnesol demonstrated strain-dependent mechanisms underlying fluconazole tolerance between the YAN and PB strains, and upregulated and downregulated efflux pumps in PB-25 and YAN-25 strains, respectively. Membrane lipid-related metabolites were highly correlated with transporter-coding genes. Fluconazole resistance in T. asahii was induced by membrane lipid bio-synthesis activation. Farnesol inhibited fluconazole resistance in the sensitive strain, but enhanced resistance in the resistant strain by upregulating efflux pump genes and membrane lipids. This study offers valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying fungal drug resistance and provides guidance for future research aimed at developing more potent antifungal drugs for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.Y.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Wanling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.Y.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Aining Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.Y.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Dong Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Chengdong Wang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu 611800, China; (C.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Shanshan Ling
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu 611800, China; (C.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.Y.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.Y.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.Y.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.Y.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.Y.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Ming He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.Y.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu 611800, China; (C.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Yu Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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