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Krahmer J, Abbas A, Mengin V, Ishihara H, Romanowski A, Furniss JJ, Moraes TA, Krohn N, Annunziata MG, Feil R, Alseekh S, Obata T, Fernie AR, Stitt M, Halliday KJ. Phytochromes control metabolic flux, and their action at the seedling stage determines adult plant biomass. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:3263-3278. [PMID: 33544130 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome photoreceptors are known to regulate plastic growth responses to vegetation shade. However, recent reports also suggest an important role for phytochromes in carbon resource management, metabolism, and growth. Here, we use 13CO2 labelling patterns in multiallele phy mutants to investigate the role of phytochrome in the control of metabolic fluxes. We also combine quantitative data of 13C incorporation into protein and cell wall polymers, gas exchange measurements, and system modelling to investigate why biomass is decreased in adult multiallele phy mutants. Phytochrome influences the synthesis of stress metabolites such as raffinose and proline, and the accumulation of sugars, possibly through regulating vacuolar sugar transport. Remarkably, despite their modified metabolism and vastly altered architecture, growth rates in adult phy mutants resemble those of wild-type plants. Our results point to delayed seedling growth and smaller cotyledon size as the cause of the adult-stage phy mutant biomass defect. Our data signify a role for phytochrome in metabolic stress physiology and carbon partitioning, and illustrate that phytochrome action at the seedling stage sets the trajectory for adult biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Krahmer
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, Max Born Crescent, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ammad Abbas
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, Max Born Crescent, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Virginie Mengin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam Golm, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Ishihara
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam Golm, Germany
| | - Andrés Romanowski
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, Max Born Crescent, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James J Furniss
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, Max Born Crescent, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Nicole Krohn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam Golm, Germany
| | | | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam Golm, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam Golm, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam Golm, Germany
- Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam Golm, Germany
| | - Karen J Halliday
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, Max Born Crescent, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Okamura M, Hirai MY, Sawada Y, Okamoto M, Oikawa A, Sasaki R, Arai-Sanoh Y, Mukouyama T, Adachi S, Kondo M. Analysis of carbon flow at the metabolite level reveals that starch synthesis from hexose is a limiting factor in a high-yielding rice cultivar. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:2570-2583. [PMID: 33481019 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the limiting factors of grain filling is essential for the further improvement of grain yields in rice (Oryza sativa). The relatively slow grain growth of the high-yielding cultivar 'Momiroman' is not improved by increasing carbon supply, and hence low sink activity (i.e. the metabolic activity of assimilate consumption/storage in sink organs) may be a limiting factor for grain filling. However, there is no metabolic evidence to corroborate this hypothesis, partly because there is no consensus on how to define and quantify sink activity. In this study, we investigated the carbon flow at a metabolite level from photosynthesis in leaves to starch synthesis in grains of three high-yielding cultivars using the stable isotope 13C. We found that a large amount of newly fixed carbon assimilates in Momiroman was stored as hexose instead of being converted to starch. In addition, the activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and the expression of AGPS2b, which encodes a subunit of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase enzyme, were both lower in Momiroman than in the other two cultivars in grains in superior positions on panicle branches. Hence, slower starch synthesis from hexose, which is partly explained by the low expression level of AGPS2b, may be the primary metabolic reason for the lower sink activity observed in Momiroman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okamura
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 1-2-1, Inada, Joetsu, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Sawada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mami Okamoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sasaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumiko Arai-Sanoh
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takehiro Mukouyama
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Yamanashi Prefectural Agritechnology Center 1100, Shimoimai, Kai, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Adachi
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1, Chuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Motohiko Kondo
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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