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Sanchez-Lucas R, Mayoral C, Raw M, Mousouraki MA, Luna E. Elevated CO2 alters photosynthesis, growth and susceptibility to powdery mildew of oak seedlings. Biochem J 2023; 480:1429-1443. [PMID: 37497606 PMCID: PMC10586781 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 (eCO2) is a determinant factor of climate change and is known to alter plant processes such as physiology, growth and resistance to pathogens. Quercus robur, a tree species integrated in most forest regeneration strategies, shows high vulnerability to powdery mildew (PM) disease at the seedling stage. PM is present in most oak forests and it is considered a bottleneck for oak woodland regeneration. Our study aims to decipher the effect of eCO2 on plant responses to PM. Oak seedlings were grown in controlled environment at ambient (aCO2, ∼400 ppm) and eCO2 (∼1000 ppm), and infected with Erysiphe alphitoides, the causal agent of oak PM. Plant growth, physiological parameters and disease progression were monitored. In addition, to evaluate the effect of eCO2 on induced resistance (IR), these parameters were assessed after treatments with IR elicitor β-aminobutyric acid (BABA). Our results show that eCO2 increases photosynthetic rates and aerial growth but in contrast, reduces root length. Importantly, under eCO2 seedlings were more susceptible to PM. Treatments with BABA protected seedlings against PM and this protection was maintained under eCO2. Moreover, irrespectively of the concentration of CO2, BABA did not significantly change aerial growth but resulted in longer radicular systems, thus mitigating the effect of eCO2 in root shortening. Our results demonstrate the impact of eCO2 in plant physiology, growth and defence, and warrant further biomolecular studies to unravel the mechanisms by which eCO2 increases oak seedling susceptibility to PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sanchez-Lucas
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Carolina Mayoral
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Mark Raw
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Maria-Anna Mousouraki
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibber Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Estrella Luna
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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Marchand LJ, Dox I, Gričar J, Prislan P, Van den Bulcke J, Fonti P, Campioli M. Timing of spring xylogenesis in temperate deciduous tree species relates to tree growth characteristics and previous autumn phenology. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:1161-1170. [PMID: 33367844 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We explored the timing of spring xylogenesis and its potential drivers in homogeneous mature forest stands in a temperate European region. Three species with contrasting leaf development dynamics and wood anatomy were studied: European beech, silver birch and pedunculate oak. Detailed phenological observations of xylogenesis and leaf phenology were performed from summer 2017 until spring 2018. Cambium reactivation (CR) occurred before the buds of oak and birch were swollen, whereas these two phenological phases were concurrent for beech. On the other hand, initial earlywood vessels were fully differentiated (FDIEV) after leaf unfolding for all three species. Timing of CR was correlated to average ring-width of the last 10 years (2008-17), tree diameter and, partially, with tree age. In addition, the timing of FDIEV was correlated to tree age and previous year's autumn phenology, i.e., timing of wood growth cessation and onset of leaf senescence. Multivariate models could explain up to 68% of the variability of CR and 55% of the variability of FDIEV. In addition to the 'species' factor, the variability could be explained by ca 30% by tree characteristics and previous year's autumn phenology for both CR and FDIEV. These findings are important to better identify which factors (other than environment) can be driving the onset of the growing season, and highlight the influence of tree growth characteristics and previous year's phenology on spring wood phenology, wood formation and, potentially, forest production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorène Julia Marchand
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitplan 1, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 263 Av. du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Inge Dox
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitplan 1, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Prislan
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- Laboratory of Wood Technology, UGent-Woodlab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitplan 1, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Valdés-Correcher E, Bourdin A, González-Martínez SC, Moreira X, Galmán A, Castagneyrol B, Hampe A. Leaf chemical defences and insect herbivory in oak: accounting for canopy position unravels marked genetic relatedness effects. Ann Bot 2020; 126:865-872. [PMID: 32463869 PMCID: PMC7539359 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Highly controlled experiments document that plant genetic diversity and relatedness can shape herbivore communities and patterns of herbivory. Evidence from the field is, however, scarce and inconsistent. We assessed whether a genetic signal underlying herbivory can be detected in oak woodlands when accounting for variation at smaller (within-tree) and larger (among-stand) scales. METHODS We tested relationships between tree genetic relatedness, leaf chemical defences and insect herbivory for different canopy layers in 240 trees from 15 pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) forest stands. We partitioned sources of variability in herbivory and defences among stands, individuals and branches. KEY RESULTS Leaf defences, insect herbivory and their relationship differed systematically between the upper and the lower tree canopy. When accounting for this canopy effect, the variation explained by tree genetic relatedness rose from 2.8 to 34.1 % for herbivory and from 7.1 to 13.8 % for leaf defences. The effect was driven by markedly stronger relationships in the upper canopy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrate that considerable effects of the host plant genotype on levels of leaf chemical defences and associated insect herbivory can be detected in natural tree populations when within-individual variation is properly accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Andrea Galmán
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - Arndt Hampe
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, Cestas, France
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Moreira X, Abdala-Roberts L, Bruun HH, Covelo F, De Frenne P, Galmán A, Gaytán Á, Jaatinen R, Pulkkinen P, Ten Hoopen JPJG, Timmermans BGH, Tack AJM, Castagneyrol B. Latitudinal variation in seed predation correlates with latitudinal variation in seed defensive and nutritional traits in a widespread oak species. Ann Bot 2020; 125:881-890. [PMID: 31858135 PMCID: PMC7218813 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Classic theory on geographical gradients in plant-herbivore interactions assumes that herbivore pressure and plant defences increase towards warmer and more stable climates found at lower latitudes. However, the generality of these expectations has been recently called into question by conflicting empirical evidence. One possible explanation for this ambiguity is that most studies have reported on patterns of either herbivory or plant defences whereas few have measured both, thus preventing a full understanding of the implications of observed patterns for plant-herbivore interactions. In addition, studies have typically not measured climatic factors affecting plant-herbivore interactions, despite their expected influence on plant and herbivore traits. METHODS Here we tested for latitudinal variation in insect seed predation and seed traits putatively associated with insect attack across 36 Quercus robur populations distributed along a 20° latitudinal gradient. We then further investigated the associations between climatic factors, seed traits and seed predation to test for climate-based mechanisms of latitudinal variation in seed predation. KEY RESULTS We found strong but contrasting latitudinal clines in seed predation and seed traits, whereby seed predation increased whereas seed phenolics and phosphorus decreased towards lower latitudes. We also found a strong direct association between temperature and seed predation, with the latter increasing towards warmer climates. In addition, temperature was negatively associated with seed traits, with populations at warmer sites having lower levels of total phenolics and phosphorus. In turn, these negative associations between temperature and seed traits led to a positive indirect association between temperature and seed predation. CONCLUSIONS These results help unravel how plant-herbivore interactions play out along latitudinal gradients and expose the role of climate in driving these outcomes through its dual effects on plant defences and herbivores. Accordingly, this emphasizes the need to account for abiotic variation while testing concurrently for latitudinal variation in plant traits and herbivore pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Itzimná, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Felisa Covelo
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Galmán
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Gaytán
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raimo Jaatinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Haapastensyrjä Breeding Station, Läyliäinen, Finland
| | - Pertti Pulkkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Haapastensyrjä Breeding Station, Läyliäinen, Finland
| | | | - Bart G H Timmermans
- Department of Agriculture, Louis Bolk Institute, LA Driebergen, the Netherlands
| | - Ayco J M Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dobbelstein E, Fink D, Öner-Sieben S, Czempik L, Lohaus G. Seasonal changes of sucrose transporter expression and sugar partitioning in common European tree species. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:284-299. [PMID: 30388274 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In temperate woody species, carbon transport from source to sink tissues is a striking physiological process, particularly considering seasonal changes. The functions of different tissues can also alternate across the seasons. In this regard, phloem loading and sugar distribution are important aspects of carbon partitioning, and sucrose uptake transporters (SUTs) play a key role in these processes. Therefore, the influence of seasons and different light-dark conditions on the expression of SUTs from 3-year-old Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus robur L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees were analyzed. In addition, tissue-specific sugar and starch contents under these different environmental conditions were determined. Putative SUTs were identified in the gymnosperms (Picea abies, Ginkgo biloba L.), here for the first time, and also in the angiosperms (Q. robur, F. sylvatica). The identified SUT sequences of the different tree species cluster into three types, similar to other SUTs from herbaceous and tree species. Furthermore, the sequences from angiosperm and those from gymnosperm species form distinct clusters within the three types of SUTs. In F. sylvatica, Q. robur and P. abies, the expression levels of the different SUTs during seasons showed marked variations. Because of the high expression levels of type I SUTs in bark, wood and leaves during active growing phases in spring and summer, it can be assumed that they are involved in phloem loading, sucrose retrieval and possibly in further physiological processes. The expression patterns also indicate a flexible expression in all tissues depending on physiological requirements and environmental conditions. Compared with type I SUTs, the seasonal variations of type II SUT expression were less pronounced, whereas the seasonal variations of the type III SUT expression patterns were partly reverse. In addition to the seasonal regulation, the expressions of the different SUTs were also regulated by light in a diurnal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dobbelstein
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel Fink
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Soner Öner-Sieben
- Clinic for General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Czempik
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
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