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Zhao Q, Li X, Jiao Y, Chen Y, Yan Y, Wang Y, Hamiaux C, Wang Y, Ma F, Atkinson RG, Li P. Identification of two key genes involved in flavonoid catabolism and their different roles in apple resistance to biotic stresses. New Phytol 2024; 242:1238-1256. [PMID: 38426393 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of flavonoid aglycones and glycosides is well established. However, key genes involved in their catabolism are poorly understood, even though the products of hydrolysis and oxidation play important roles in plant resistance to biotic stress. Here, we report on catabolism of dihydrochalcones (DHCs), the most abundant flavonoids in domesticated apple and wild Malus. Two key genes, BGLU13.1 and PPO05, were identified by activity-directed protein purification. BGLU13.1-A hydrolyzed phlorizin, (the most abundant DHC in domesticated apple) to produce phloretin which was then oxidized by PPO05. The process differed in some wild Malus, where trilobatin (a positional isomer of phlorizin) was mainly oxidized by PPO05. The effects of DHC catabolism on apple resistance to biotic stresses was investigated using transgenic plants. Either directly or indirectly, phlorizin hydrolysis affected resistance to the phytophagous pest two-spotted spider mite, while oxidation of trilobatin was involved in resistance to the biotrophic fungus Podosphaera leucotricha. DHC catabolism did not affect apple resistance to necrotrophic pathogens Valsa mali and Erwinia amylovara. These results suggest that different DHC catabolism pathways play different roles in apple resistance to biotic stresses. The role of DHC catabolism on apple resistance appeared closely related to the mode of invasion/damage used by pathogen/pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanfang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Cyril Hamiaux
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yule Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Guo T, Bao R, Yang Z, Fu X, Hu L, Wang N, Liu C, Ma F. The m 6 A reader MhYTP2 negatively modulates apple Glomerella leaf spot resistance by binding to and degrading MdRGA2L mRNA. Mol Plant Pathol 2023; 24:1287-1299. [PMID: 37366340 PMCID: PMC10502827 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola, significantly threatens apple production. Some resistances to plant disease are mediated by the accumulation of nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) proteins that are encoded by a major class of plant disease resistance genes (R genes). However, the R genes that confer resistance to GLS in apple remain largely unclear. Malus hupehensis YT521-B homology domain-containing protein 2 (MhYTP2) was identified as an N6 -methyladenosine RNA methylation (m6 A) modified RNA reader in our previous study. However, whether MhYTP2 binds to mRNAs without m6 A RNA modifications remains unknown. In this study, we discovered that MhYTP2 exerts both m6 A-dependent and -independent functions by analysing previously obtained RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing results. The overexpression of MhYTP2 significantly reduced the resistance of apple to GLS and down-regulated the transcript levels of some R genes whose transcripts do not contain m6 A modifications. Further analysis indicated that MhYTP2 binds to and reduces the stability of MdRGA2L mRNA. MdRGA2L positively regulates resistance to GLS by activating salicylic acid signalling. Our findings revealed that MhYTP2 plays an essential role in the regulation of resistance to GLS and identified a promising R gene, MdRGA2L, for use in developing apple cultivars with GLS resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Ru Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zehua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiaomin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Liu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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3
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Tian Y, Thrimawithana A, Ding T, Guo J, Gleave A, Chagné D, Ampomah‐Dwamena C, Ireland HS, Schaffer RJ, Luo Z, Wang M, An X, Wang D, Gao Y, Wang K, Zhang H, Zhang R, Zhou Z, Yan Z, Zhang L, Zhang C, Cong P, Deng CH, Yao J. Transposon insertions regulate genome-wide allele-specific expression and underpin flower colour variations in apple ( Malus spp.). Plant Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1285-1297. [PMID: 35258172 PMCID: PMC9241373 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Allele-specific expression (ASE) can lead to phenotypic diversity and evolution. However, the mechanisms regulating ASE are not well understood, particularly in woody perennial plants. In this study, we investigated ASE genes in the apple cultivar 'Royal Gala' (RG). A high quality chromosome-level genome was assembled using a homozygous tetra-haploid RG plant, derived from anther cultures. Using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data from RG flower and fruit tissues, we identified 2091 ASE genes. Compared with the haploid genome of 'Golden Delicious' (GD), a parent of RG, we distinguished the genomic sequences between the two alleles of 817 ASE genes, and further identified allele-specific presence of a transposable element (TE) in the upstream region of 354 ASE genes. These included MYB110a that encodes a transcription factor regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Interestingly, another ASE gene, MYB10 also showed an allele-specific TE insertion and was identified using genome data of other apple cultivars. The presence of the TE insertion in both MYB genes was positively associated with ASE and anthocyanin accumulation in apple petals through analysis of 231 apple accessions, and thus underpins apple flower colour evolution. Our study demonstrated the importance of TEs in regulating ASE on a genome-wide scale and presents a novel method for rapid identification of ASE genes and their regulatory elements in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- Research Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXinchengChina
- Present address:
Hebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Amali Thrimawithana
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR)Mount Albert Research CentreAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Tiyu Ding
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Jian Guo
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Andrew Gleave
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR)Mount Albert Research CentreAucklandNew Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- PFRPalmerston North Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Charles Ampomah‐Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR)Mount Albert Research CentreAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Hilary S. Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR)Mount Albert Research CentreAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Robert J. Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR)Mount Albert Research CentreAucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesAuckland Mail CentreThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR)Mount Albert Research CentreAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Meili Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Xiuhong An
- Research Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXinchengChina
- Present address:
Hebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Dajiang Wang
- Research Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXinchengChina
| | - Yuan Gao
- Research Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXinchengChina
| | - Kun Wang
- Research Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXinchengChina
| | - Hengtao Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhenli Yan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Liyi Zhang
- Research Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXinchengChina
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Research Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXinchengChina
| | - Peihua Cong
- Research Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXinchengChina
| | - Cecilia H. Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR)Mount Albert Research CentreAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jia‐Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR)Mount Albert Research CentreAucklandNew Zealand
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
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4
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Chen P, Li Z, Zhang D, Shen W, Xie Y, Zhang J, Jiang L, Li X, Shen X, Geng D, Wang L, Niu C, Bao C, Yan M, Li H, Li C, Yan Y, Zou Y, Micheletti D, Koot E, Ma F, Guan Q. Insights into the effect of human civilization on Malus evolution and domestication. Plant Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2206-2220. [PMID: 34161653 PMCID: PMC8541786 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary history of the Malus genus has not been well studied. In the current study, we presented genetic evidence on the origin of the Malus genus based on genome sequencing of 297 Malus accessions, revealing the genetic relationship between wild species and cultivated apples. Our results demonstrated that North American and East Asian wild species are closer to the outgroup (pear) than Central Asian species, and hybrid species including natural (separated before the Pleistocene, about 2.5 Mya) and artificial hybrids (including ornamental trees and rootstocks) are between East and Central Asian wild species. Introgressions from M. sylvestris in cultivated apples appeared to be more extensive than those from M. sieversii, whose genetic background flowed westward across Eurasia and eastward to wild species including M. prunifolia, M. × asiatica, M. × micromalus, and M. × robust. Our results suggested that the loss of ancestral gene flow from M. sieversii in cultivated apples accompanied the movement of European traders around the world since the Age of Discovery. Natural SNP variations showed that cultivated apples had higher nucleotide diversity than wild species and more unique SNPs than other apple groups. An apple ERECTA-like gene that underwent selection during domestication on 15th chromosome was identified as a likely major determinant of fruit length and diameter, and an NB-ARC domain-containing gene was found to strongly affect anthocyanin accumulation using a genome-wide association approach. Our results provide new insights into the origin and domestication of apples and will be useful in new breeding programmes and efforts to increase fruit crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zhongxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Dehui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wenyun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yinpeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xuewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiaoxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Dali Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Chundong Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Chana Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Mingjia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Haiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Cuiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yangjun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | | | - Emily Koot
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LimitedPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Feng Y, Wang Y, Zhang G, Gan Z, Gao M, Lv J, Wu T, Zhang X, Xu X, Yang S, Han Z. Group-C/S1 bZIP heterodimers regulate MdIPT5b to negatively modulate drought tolerance in apple species. Plant J 2021; 107:399-417. [PMID: 33905154 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins play a central role in delaying senescence, reducing oxidative damage and maintaining plant growth during drought. This study showed that the ectopic expression of ProRE-deleted MdIPT5b, a key enzyme involved in cytokinin metabolism, increased the drought tolerance of transgenic Malus domestica (apple) callus and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) seedlings by maintaining cytokinin homeostasis, and thus maintaining redox balance. Under restricted watering regimes, the yields of transgenic tomato plants were enhanced. Heterodimers of C/S1 bZIP are involved in the cytokinin-mediated drought response. The heterodimers bind the ProRE of MdIPT5b promoter, thus directly suppressing gene transcription. Single C/S1 bZIP members could not independently function as suppressors. However, specific paired members (heterodimers of MdbZIP80 with MdbZIP2 or with MdbZIP39) effectively suppressed transcription. The α-helical structure is essential for the heterodimerization of C/S1 bZIP members and for synergistic transcriptional suppression. As negative regulators of drought tolerance, suppressing either MdbZIP2 or MdbZIP39 alone does not improve the expression of MdIPT5b and did not increase the drought tolerance of transgenic apple callus. However, this could be achieved when they were co-suppressed. The suppression of MdbZIP80 alone could improve MdIPT5b expression and increase the drought tolerance of transgenic apple callus. However, these effects were reversed in response to the cosuppression of MdbZIP80 and MdIPT5b. Similar results were also observed during delayed dark-induced senescence in apple leaves. In conclusion, the apple C/S1 bZIP network (involving MdbZIP2, MdbZIP39 and MdbZIP80) directly suppressed the expression of MdIPT5b, thus negatively modulating drought tolerance and dark-induced senescence in a functionally redundant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guifen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zengyu Gan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Min Gao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiahong Lv
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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6
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Hu Y, Han Z, Sun Y, Wang S, Wang T, Wang Y, Xu K, Zhang X, Xu X, Han Z, Wu T. ERF4 affects fruit firmness through TPL4 by reducing ethylene production. Plant J 2020; 103:937-950. [PMID: 32564488 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The firmness of fleshy fruit crops has a significant effect on their quality, consumer preference, shelf life and transportability. In a combined quantitative trait locus and genome-wide association studies study of apple fruit texture, we identified a mutation (C-G) in the ethylene response factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif in the coding region of the apple ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR4 (ERF4) gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing showed that ERF4 binds to the promoter of ERF3, which is involved in regulation of ethylene biosynthesis. The EAR mutation in ERF4 results in reduced repression of ERF3 expression, which is turn promotes ethylene production and loss of fruit firmness. ERF4 acts as a transcriptional repressor whose activity is modulated by a TOPLESS co-repressor 4 (TPL4)-binding EAR repression motif. Biolayer interferometry analysis showed that the mutation in the EAR motif causes a reduction in the interaction with TPL4. Suppression of ERF4 or TPL4 promoted fruit ripening and ethylene production. Taken together, our results provide insights into how ERF4 allelic variation underlies an important fruit quality trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyun Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yaqiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Kenong Xu
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
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7
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Sun Y, Hao P, Lv X, Tian J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Han Z, Wu T. A long non-coding apple RNA, MSTRG.85814.11, acts as a transcriptional enhancer of SAUR32 and contributes to the Fe-deficiency response. Plant J 2020; 103:53-67. [PMID: 31991023 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential plant nutrient and its deficiency typically limits plant growth. Long non-coding (lnc) RNAs are involved in adaptive responses to nutrient stress; however, it is not known whether they function in the regulation of the canonical Fe-deficiency response. The expression of Malus domestica (apple) lncRNA MSTRG.85814 is induced by Fe deficiency, as identified by high-throughput strand-specific RNA-seq analysis of an apple homograft system. MSTRG.85814 has a complex structure, with 13 predicted RNA sequence variants, four of which are upregulated in the roots of plants experiencing Fe deficiency. We found that one MSTRG.85814 splice variant (MSTRG.85814.11) positively modulated its cis target mRNA derived from the small auxin upregulated gene SAUR32. This in turn promoted the expression of SAUR32 and caused an increase in the expression of a plasma membrane proton ATPase, AHA10. Using a pH imaging technique, a significant decrease in the apoplastic pH was observed to occur in the root tips of MSTRG.85814.11 or SAUR32-overexpressing apple plants. Thus MSTRG.85814.11 was shown to positively promote SAUR32 expression, which then activated proton extrusion involved in the Fe-deficiency response. These results reveal a mechanism by which lncRNA promotes environmental Fe-deficiency stress adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pengbo Hao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinmin Lv
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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8
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Li C, Zhao Q, Gao T, Wang H, Zhang Z, Liang B, Wei Z, Liu C, Ma F. The mitigation effects of exogenous melatonin on replant disease in apple. J Pineal Res 2018; 65:e12523. [PMID: 30230015 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin mediates many physiological processes in plants. The problem of apple replant disease is unsolved. Our study objectives were to evaluate the regulatory effect of melatonin on plant resistance to this challenge and investigate the preliminary mechanism by which melatonin helps alleviate the effects of this disease. Two-year-old trees of "Fuji" apple (Malus domestica), grafted onto rootstock M.26, were grown in "replant" soil for 6 months in the absence or presence of a 200 μmol/L melatonin supplement. The addition of melatonin to the soil significantly increased the rates of plant growth and net photosynthesis and chlorophyll concentrations under replant conditions. This molecule elevated the levels of K in leaves and roots and enhanced the activity of soil enzymes. Such supplementation also changed the composition of the bacterial and fungal communities in the soil. We concluded that the application of melatonin to a replant soil can protect their chloroplasts from oxidative damage and release the apple root from membrane damage, and also lead to increased soil enzyme activity and soil quality while altering the composition of bacterial and fungal communities. These changes can then promote seedling growth, stimulate photosynthesis, and elevate K levels, thereby alleviating the effects of apple replant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tengteng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bowen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhiwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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De Baerdemaeker NJF, Hias N, Van den Bulcke J, Keulemans W, Steppe K. The effect of polyploidization on tree hydraulic functioning. Am J Bot 2018; 105:161-171. [PMID: 29570227 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Recent research has highlighted the importance of living tissue in wood. Polyploidization can impact amounts and arrangements of living cells in wood, potentially leading to increased drought tolerance. Tetraploid variants were created from the apple cultivar Malus ×domestica 'Gala' (Gala-4x), and their vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and their hydraulic capacitance were compared to those of their diploid predecessors (Gala-2x). Assuming a positive correlation between polyploidy and drought tolerance, we hypothesized lower vulnerability and higher capacitance for the tetraploid. METHODS Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and the hydraulic capacitance were quantified through acoustic emission and continuous weighing of shoots during a bench-top dehydration experiment. To underpin the hydraulic trait results, anatomical variables such as vessel area, conduit diameter, cell wall reinforcement, and ray and vessel-associated parenchyma were measured. KEY RESULTS Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation was intrinsically equal for both ploidy variants, but Gala-4x proved to be more vulnerable than Gala-2x during the early phase of desiccation as was indicated by its significantly lower air entry value. Higher change in water content of the leafy shoot, higher amount of parenchyma, and larger vessel area and size resulted in a significantly higher hydraulic capacitance and efficiency for Gala-4x compared to Gala-2x. CONCLUSIONS Both ploidy variants were typified as highly sensitive to drought-induced cavitation, with no significant difference in their overall drought vulnerability. But, when water deficit is short and moderate, Gala-4x may delay a drought-induced decrease in performance by trading hydraulic safety for increased release of capacitively stored water from living tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J F De Baerdemaeker
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niek Hias
- Laboratory for Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Keulemans
- Laboratory for Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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