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Vu VT, Xu QQ, Nguyen HT, Nguyen NH, Pham GN, Kong LY, Luo JG. Patulinervones A and B, two novel α-glucosidase inhibitory spiro-lignans from Melicope patulinervia (Merr. & Chun) C.C. Huang. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3639-3646. [PMID: 35848378 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2098495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
(±)-Patulinervones A (1) and B (2), two diastereomers of spiro-lignans sharing an unprecedented dimethyl-spiro[furan-2,2'-furo[2,3-b]furan] 5/5/5 tricyclic moiety were isolated from the leaves of Melicope patulinervia (Merr. & Chun) C.C. Huang. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic data and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analyses. The racemates (±)-1 and 2 and their enantiomers exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory effect with IC50 values range of 10.08 ± 1.24 - 25.58 ± 1.97 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Tuan Vu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Qi-Qi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | | | | | - Giang-Nam Pham
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice Institute of Chemistry UMR 7272, Marine Natural Products Team, Nice, France
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jian-Guang Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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Chen X, Cao YG, Ren YJ, Liu YL, Fan XL, He C, Li XD, Ma XY, Zheng XK, Feng WS. Ionones and lignans from the fresh roots of Rehmannia glutinosa. Phytochemistry 2022; 203:113423. [PMID: 36055423 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nine undescribed compounds, together with 21 known components, were isolated from the fresh roots of Rehmannia glutinosa. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data analysis, and the absolute configurations of undescribed compounds were determined by comparison of their calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroic (ECD) spectra and interpretation of their optical rotation data. The α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds were investigated and all of them exhibited slightly inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China,Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yan-Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China,Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ying-Jie Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China,Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China,Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xi-Ling Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China,Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Chen He
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China,Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiang-da Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China,Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xin-Yi Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China,Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China,Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Wei-Sheng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China,Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Wu H, Shu L, Liang T, Li Y, Liu Y, Zhong X, Xing L, Zeng W, Zhao R, Wang X. Extraction optimization, physicochemical property, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of polysaccharides from lotus seedpods. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:4065-4078. [PMID: 34997594 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lotus seedpods are an agricultural by-product of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.), which is widely cultivated in Southeast Asia and Australia. Most lotus seedpods are considered waste and are abandoned or incinerated, resulting in significant waste of resources and heavy environmental pollution. For recycling lotus seedpods, the extraction optimization, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the polysaccharides contained therein were investigated in this study. RESULTS Hot water extraction of lotus seedpod polysaccharides was optimized by using a response surface methodology combined with a Box-Behnken design, with the optimum conditions being as follows: a liquid/solid ratio of 25.0 mL g-1 , an extraction temperature of 98.0 °C, and an extraction time of 138.0 min. Under these conditions, an experimental yield of 5.88 ± 0.06% was obtained. Physicochemical analyses suggested that lotus seedpod polysaccharides belong to acidic heteropolysaccharides and are principally composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and galacturonic acid. The polysaccharides content has a broad molecular weight distribution (2.15 × 105 to 1.77 × 107 Da), an α-configuration, and mainly possesses smooth and sheet-like structures. Biological evaluations showed that the polysaccharides possessed good scavenging activity on 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrozyl, and hydroxyl radicals, and exerted an obvious inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase activity. Moreover, the polysaccharides content was determined to be a mixed-type noncompetitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase. CONCLUSION The results indicate that lotus seedpod polysaccharides have potential as natural antioxidants and hypoglycaemic substitutes. This study provides the theoretical bases for the exploitation and application of polysaccharides from lotus seedpod by-product resources. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huwei Wu
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Linping Shu
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Tian Liang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Scientific Research Center, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yuanxiang Liu
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xiuli Zhong
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Lingyu Xing
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xiaoyin Wang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
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Wu C, Cui X, Sun L, Lu J, Li F, Song M, Zhang Y, Hao X, Tian C, Song M, Liu X. Aspulvinones Suppress Postprandial Hyperglycemia as Potent α-Glucosidase Inhibitors From Aspergillus terreus ASM-1. Front Chem 2021; 9:736070. [PMID: 34485249 PMCID: PMC8416056 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.736070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical investigation of Aspergillus terreus ASM-1 fermentation resulted in the isolation of three new prenylated aspulvinones V–X (1–3), together with the previously reported analogs, aspulvinone H (4), J-CR (5), and R (6). Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods including HRESIMS and NMR, and the absolute configurations of 2 and 3 were determined by ECD comparison. Compounds 1–6 were evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory effects with acarbose as positive control. As a result, compounds 1 and 4 exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 2.2 and 4.6 µM in mixed-type manners. The thermodynamic constants recognized the interaction between inhibitors and α-glucosidase was hydrophobic force-driven spontaneous exothermic reaction. The CD spectra also indicate that the compounds 1 and 4 changed the enzyme conformation. Furthermore, compound 4 significantly suppressed the increases in postprandial blood glucose levels in the C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjing Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Wuling Mountain Institute of Natural Medicine, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Xiang Cui
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Luzhen Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Jiajia Lu
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Minghui Song
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Xinqi Hao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Congkui Tian
- Wuling Mountain Institute of Natural Medicine, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Maoping Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China.,College of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Gou X, Tian D, Wei J, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Chen M, Ding W, Wu B, Tang J. New Drimane Sesquiterpenes and Polyketides from Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. TW58-16 and Their Anti-Inflammatory and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effects. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080416. [PMID: 34436259 PMCID: PMC8398500 DOI: 10.3390/md19080416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine fungi-derived natural products represent an excellent reservoir for the discovery of novel lead compounds with biological activities. Here, we report the identification of two new drimane sesquiterpenes (1 and 2) and six new polyketides (3–8), together with 10 known compounds (9–18), from a marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. TW58-16. The planar structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR, which was supported by HR-ESI-MS data. The absolute configurations of these compounds were determined by experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and their optical rotations compared with those reported. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 1–18 revealed that compound 5 significantly inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 cells, correlating with the inhibition of expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In addition, we revealed that compounds 1, 3–6, 14, 16, and 18 showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory effects with inhibition rates of 35.4%, 73.2%, 55.6%, 74.4%, 32.0%, 36.9%, 88.0%, and 91.1%, respectively, which were comparable with or even better than that of the positive control, acarbose. Together, our results illustrate the potential of discovering new marine-based therapeutic agents against inflammation and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Gou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (X.G.); (D.T.); (M.C.); (W.D.)
| | - Danmei Tian
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (X.G.); (D.T.); (M.C.); (W.D.)
| | - Jihua Wei
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan Campus, Zhoushan 316021, China; (J.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yihan Ma
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan Campus, Zhoushan 316021, China; (J.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yixue Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan Campus, Zhoushan 316021, China; (J.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mei Chen
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (X.G.); (D.T.); (M.C.); (W.D.)
| | - Wenjuan Ding
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (X.G.); (D.T.); (M.C.); (W.D.)
| | - Bin Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan Campus, Zhoushan 316021, China; (J.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (J.T.); Tel.: +86-580-2092258 (B.W.); +86-20-85221559 (J.T.)
| | - Jinshan Tang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (X.G.); (D.T.); (M.C.); (W.D.)
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (J.T.); Tel.: +86-580-2092258 (B.W.); +86-20-85221559 (J.T.)
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Chen X, Cao YG, Ren YJ, Wang MN, Liu YL, He C, Zheng XK, Feng WS. A new quinic acid derivative with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:2836-2842. [PMID: 34100675 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1933973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new quinic acid derivative (1) along with seven known compounds (2-8) were isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis. All the structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of the analysis of multiple spectroscopic data. The α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds were investigated. The results showed that compounds 1-3, 6, and 8 have moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan-Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying-Jie Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng-Na Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen He
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei-Sheng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, China
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Chao IC, Chen Y, Gao MH, Lin LG, Zhang XQ, Ye WC, Zhang QW. Simultaneous Determination of α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Triterpenoids in Psidium guajava Using HPLC-DAD-ELSD and Pressurized Liquid Extraction. Molecules 2020; 25:E1278. [PMID: 32168948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Psidium guajava, a popular food and medicine dual purposes plant cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, has been widely used as food crop and folk medicine, such as anti-diabetes agent, around the world. Triterpenoids have been considered as the major active ingredients of P. guajava. In the present study, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and evaporative light scattering detectors (HPLC–DAD–ELSD) method was developed for simultaneous determination of nine triterpenoids in P. guajava. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was performed for sample preparation, and the analysis was achieved on a Cosmosil 5C18-MS-II (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) column eluted with gradient 0.1% aqueous formic acid-methanol system. The drift tube temperature of ELSD was set at 40 °C, and nitrogen flow-rate was at 1.6 L/min. All calibration curves for the analytes showed good linear regression (R2 > 0.9992) within test ranges. The established method was validated for intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSDs < 5%) and accuracy (recovery 94.23–106.87%). The validated method was successfully applied to determinate nine triterpenoids in 15 samples from the leave or fruit of P. guajava. In addition, the α-glucosidase inhibition assay showed good α-glucosidase inhibition activity in almost all the determined triterpenoids. The present study suggested that triterpenoids should be the quality control markers for P. guajava and HPLC–DAD–ELSD was an effective tool for the quality control of P. guajava.
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Hyun TK, Kim HC, Kim JS. In vitro Screening for Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antidiabetic Properties of Some Korean Native Plants on Mt. Halla, Jeju Island. Indian J Pharm Sci 2016; 77:668-74. [PMID: 26997693 PMCID: PMC4778225 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.174984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Prunus padus, Lonicera caerulea, Berberis amurensis, and Ribes maximowiczianum, which are mainly distributed on Mt. Halla, Jeju Island, have been investigated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities. The methanol extracts of R. maximowiczianum leaves and P. padus branches exhibited significant and dose-dependent antioxidant activity including electron-donation ability and reducing power. To analyze the antimicrobial activity, each extract was tested by a serial two-fold dilution method against five selected gram-positive bacteria and four gram-negative bacteria, and this suggested that P. padus branches possessed the maximum antimicrobial activity against most of the gram-positive bacteria tested. In addition, the methanol extracts of P. padus branches exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 1.0±0.1 μg/ml, indicating that P. padus is a promising source as a herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Hyun
- College of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - H C Kim
- Research Institute for Hallasan, Jeju 690-816, Republic of Korea
| | - J S Kim
- College of Applied Life Sciences, The Research Institute for Subtropical Agriculture and Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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