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Mahmud N, Maffei M, Mogni M, Forni GL, Pinto VM, Barberio G, Ungari S, Maffè A, Curcio C, Zanolli F, Paventa R, Carta M, Caleffi A, Mercadanti M, Maoggi S, Ivaldi G, Coviello D. Hemoglobin A 2 and Heterogeneous Diagnostic Relevance Observed in Eight New Variants of the Delta Globin Gene. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111821. [PMID: 34828427 PMCID: PMC8625798 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemoglobin A (Hb A) (α2β2) in the normal adult subject constitutes 96-98% of hemoglobin, and Hb F is normally less than 1%, while for hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2) (α2δ2), the normal reference values are between 2.0 and 3.3%. It is important to evaluate the presence of possible delta gene mutations in a population at high risk for globin gene defects in order to correctly diagnose the β-thalassemia carrier. METHODS The most used methods for the quantification of Hb A2 are based on automated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE). In particular Hb analyses were performed by HPLC on three dedicated devices. DNA analyses were performed according to local standard protocols. RESULTS Here, we described eight new δ-globin gene variants discovered and characterized in some laboratories in Northern Italy in recent years. These new variants were added to the many already known Hb A2 variants that were found with an estimated frequency of about 1-2% during the screening tests in our laboratories. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge recognition of the delta variant on Hb analysis and accurate molecular characterization is crucial to provide an accurate definitive thalassemia diagnosis, particularly in young subjects who would like to ask for a prenatal diagnosis or preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraesah Mahmud
- Laboratorio Genetica Umana, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (N.M.); (M.M.); (D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50586, Malaysia
| | - Massimo Maffei
- Laboratorio Genetica Umana, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (N.M.); (M.M.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Massimo Mogni
- Laboratorio Genetica Umana, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (N.M.); (M.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Gian Luca Forni
- Centro Microcitemia e Anemie Congenite, Ospedali Galliera, 16128 Genova, Italy; (G.L.F.); (V.M.P.)
| | - Valeria Maria Pinto
- Centro Microcitemia e Anemie Congenite, Ospedali Galliera, 16128 Genova, Italy; (G.L.F.); (V.M.P.)
| | - Giuseppina Barberio
- Medicina di Laboratorio, Azienda ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Silvana Ungari
- Genetica e Biologia Molecolare ASO S. Croce e Carle, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (S.U.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonella Maffè
- Genetica e Biologia Molecolare ASO S. Croce e Carle, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (S.U.); (A.M.)
| | - Cristina Curcio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Francesco Zanolli
- Formerly, Servizio di Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, A.O. Santa Maria degli Angeli, 33170 Pordenone, Italy;
| | | | - Mariarosa Carta
- Medicina di Laboratorio, Ospedale S. Bortolo, AULSS 8 Berica, 36100 Vicenza, Italy;
| | - Alberta Caleffi
- U.O. Diagnostica Ematochimica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariella Mercadanti
- U.O. Diagnostica Ematochimica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Sauro Maoggi
- Sebia-Italia S.r.l., 50012 Bagno a Ripoli, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Ivaldi
- Formerly, Laboratorio Genetica Umana, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genova, Italy;
| | - Domenico Coviello
- Laboratorio Genetica Umana, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (N.M.); (M.M.); (D.C.)
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