17 O nuclear magnetic resonance: Recent advances and applications

The present review is focused on the most recent achievements in the application of liquid phase 17 O nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to inorganic, organic, and biochemical molecules focusing on their structure, conformations, and (bio)chemical behavior. The review is composed of four basic parts, namely, (1) simple molecules; (2) water and hydrogen bonding; (3) metal oxides, clusters, and complexes; and (4) biological molecules. Experimental 17 O NMR chemical shifts are thoroughly tabulated. They span a range of as much as almost 650 ppm (from -35.6 to +610.0 ppm) for inorganic and organic molecules, whereas this range is much wider for biological species being of about 1350 ppm (from -12 to +1332 ppm), and in the case of hemoproteins and heme-model compounds, isotropic chemical shifts of up to 2500 ppm were observed. The general prospects and caveats in the modern development of the liquid phase 17 O NMR in chemistry and biochemistry are critically discussed and briefly outlined in view of their future applications.

17 O NMR Studies of Yeast Ubiquitin in Aqueous Solution and in the Solid State

We report a general method for amino acid-type specific ¹⁷ O-labeling of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. In particular, we have prepared several [1-¹³ C,¹⁷ O]-labeled yeast ubiquitin (Ub) samples including Ub-[1-¹³ C,¹⁷ O]Gly, Ub-[1-¹³ C,¹⁷ O]Tyr, and Ub-[1-¹³ C,¹⁷ O]Phe using the auxotrophic E. coli strain DL39 GlyA λDE3 (aspC^- tyrB^- ilvE^- glyA^- λDE3). We have also produced Ub-[η-¹⁷ O]Tyr, in which the phenolic group of Tyr59 is ¹⁷ O-labeled. We show for the first time that ¹⁷ O NMR signals from protein terminal residues and side chains can be readily detected in aqueous solution. We also reported solid-state ¹⁷ O NMR spectra for Ub-[1-¹³ C,¹⁷ O]Tyr and Ub-[1-¹³ C,¹⁷ O]Phe obtained at an ultrahigh magnetic field, 35.2 T (1.5 GHz for ¹ H). This work represents a significant advance in the field of ¹⁷ O NMR studies of proteins.

Functional stability of water wire-carbonyl interactions in an ion channel

Despite the well-characterized structural symmetry of the dimeric transmembrane antibiotic gramicidin A, we show that the symmetry is broken by selective hydrogen bonding between eight waters comprising a transmembrane water wire and a specific subset of the 26 pore-lining carbonyl oxygens of the gramicidin A channel. The ¹⁷O NMR spectroscopic resolution of the carbonyl resonances from the two subunits required the use of a world record high field magnet (35.2 T; 1,500 MHz for ¹H). Uniquely, this result documented the millisecond timescale stability of the water wire orientation within the gramicidin A pore that had been reported to have only subnanosecond stability. These ¹⁷O spectroscopic results portend wide applications in molecular biophysics and beyond.

Water wires are critical for the functioning of many membrane proteins, as in channels that conduct water, protons, and other ions. Here, in liquid crystalline lipid bilayers under symmetric environmental conditions, the selective hydrogen bonding interactions between eight waters comprising a water wire and a subset of 26 carbonyl oxygens lining the antiparallel dimeric gramicidin A channel are characterized by ¹⁷O NMR spectroscopy at 35.2 T (or 1,500 MHz for ¹H) and computational studies. While backbone ¹⁵N spectra clearly indicate structural symmetry between the two subunits, single site ¹⁷O labels of the pore-lining carbonyls report two resonances, implying a break in dimer symmetry caused by the selective interactions with the water wire. The ¹⁷O shifts document selective water hydrogen bonding with carbonyl oxygens that are stable on the millisecond timescale. Such interactions are supported by density functional theory calculations on snapshots taken from molecular dynamics simulations. Water hydrogen bonding in the pore is restricted to just three simultaneous interactions, unlike bulk water environs. The stability of the water wire orientation and its electric dipole leads to opposite charge-dipole interactions for K⁺ ions bound at the two ends of the pore, thereby providing a simple explanation for an ∼20-fold difference in K⁺ affinity between two binding sites that are ∼24 Å apart. The ¹⁷O NMR spectroscopy reported here represents a breakthrough in high field NMR technology that will have applications throughout molecular biophysics, because of the acute sensitivity of the ¹⁷O nucleus to its chemical environment.

An 17 O NMR study of diamagnetic and paramagnetic lanthanide-tris(oxydiacetate) complexes in aqueous solution

¹⁷ O-enriched complexes between oxydiacetate ligand and several diamagnetic and paramagnetic lanthanide(III) metal ions (Ln) were investigated by solution-state ¹⁷ O NMR spectroscopy. The bound-state signals of chelating (O_in ) and nonchelating (O_out ) oxygen atoms of the carboxylate groups were observed for all the samples investigated. The data indicate that the ¹⁷ O line width is dominated by contributions from both quadrupole relaxation and chemical exchange in the case of Pr and Nd complexes. Dissection of the chemical shift induced by metal ions on O_in  into Fermi contact and pseudocontact contributions was performed , and the hyperfine coupling constant (A/ℏ) was estimated. No evidence of structural changes within the series was detected.

Simple (17) O NMR method for studying electron self-exchange reaction between UO2 (2+) and U(4+) aqua ions in acidic solution

(17) O NMR spectroscopy is proven to be suitable and convenient method for studying the electron exchange by following the decrease of (17) O-enrichment in U(17) OO(2+) ion in the presence of U(4+) ion in aqueous solution. The reactions have been performed at room temperature using I = 5 M ClO4 (-) ionic medium in acidic solutions in order to determine the kinetics of electron exchange between the U(4+) and UO2 (2+) aqua ions. The rate equation is given as R = a[H(+) ](-2)  + R', where R' is an acid independent parallel path. R' depends on the concentration of the uranium species according to the following empirical rate equation: R' = k1 [UO(2 +) ](1/2) [U(4 +) ](1/2)  + k2 [UO(2 +) ](3/2) [U(4 +) ](1/2) . The mechanism of the inverse H(+) concentration-dependent path is interpreted as equilibrium formation of reactive UO2 (+) species from UO2 (2+) and U(4+) aqua ions and its electron exchange with UO2 (2+) . The determined rate constant of this reaction path is in agreement with the rate constant of UO2 (2+) -UO2 (+) , one electron exchange step calculated by Marcus theory, match the range given experimentally of it in an early study. Our value lies in the same order of magnitude as the recently calculated ones by quantum chemical methods. The acid independent part is attributed to the formation of less hydrolyzed U(V) species, i.e. UO(3+) , which loses enrichment mainly by electron exchange with UO2 (2+) ions. One can also conclude that (17) O NMR spectroscopy, or in general NMR spectroscopy with careful kinetic analysis, is a powerful tool for studying isotope exchange reactions without the use of sophisticated separation processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Saturated amine oxides: part 10. hydroacridines: part 32. linear ¹⁷O/¹³C and ¹³C/¹³C chemical shift correlations between saturated azaheterocyclic N-methylamine N-oxides, and the methiodides of their parent amines

Two kinds of good linear correlations were found between the chemical shifts of saturated six-membered azaheterocyclic N-methylamine N-oxides and the chemical shifts of the methiodides of their parent amines. One of the correlations occurs between the (17)O chemical shift of the N(+)-O(-) oxygen in the N-oxides and the (13)C chemical shift of the N(+)-CH3 methyl group analogously situated in the appropriate methiodide (r = 0.9778). This correlation enables unambiguous configuration assignment of the N(+)-O(-) bond, even if the experimentally observed (17)O chemical shift of only one N-epimer is available, provided the (13)C chemical shifts of both N(+)-CH3 groups in the methiodide are known and assigned; furthermore, it can be used also for the estimation of (17)O chemical shifts of the N(+)-O(-) oxygens in N-epimeric pairs of N-oxides, for which observed (17)O data hardly become available. The second correlation is observed between the (13)C chemical shift of the N(+)-CH3 methyl group in the N-oxides and the (13)C chemical shift of the N(+)-CH3 methyl group analogously situated in the appropriate methiodide (r = 0.9785). It can be used for safe configuration assignment of the N(+)-CH3 group and, indirectly, also of the N(+)-O(-) bond in an amine N-oxide, even if no (17)O NMR data, and the (13)C chemical shift of only one N-epimer is available.

Wobbling and Hopping: Studying Dynamics of CO2 Adsorbed in Metal-Organic Frameworks via (17)O Solid-State NMR

Knowledge of adsorbed gas dynamics within microporous solids is crucial for the design of more efficient gas capture materials. We demonstrate that (17)O solid-state NMR (SSNMR) experiments allow one to obtain accurate information on CO2 dynamics within metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), using CPO-27-M (M = Mg, Zn) as examples. Variable-temperature (VT) (17)O SSNMR spectra acquired from 150 to 403 K yield key parameters defining the CO2 motions. VT (17)O SSNMR spectra of CPO-27-Zn indicate relatively weaker metal-oxygen binding and increased CO2 dynamics. (17)O SSNMR is a sensitive probe of CO2 dynamics due to the presence of both the quadrupolar and chemical shielding interactions, and holds potential for the investigation of motions within a variety of microporous materials.

Understanding Li(+)-Solvent Interaction in Nonaqueous Carbonate Electrolytes with (17)O NMR

To understand how Li(+) interacts with individual carbonate molecules in nonaqueous electrolytes, we conducted natural abundance (17)O NMR measurements on electrolyte solutions of 1 M LiPF6 in a series of binary solvent mixtures of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). It was observed that the largest changes in (17)O chemical shift occurred at the carbonyl oxygens of EC, firmly establishing that Li(+) strongly prefers EC over DMC in typical nonaqueous electrolytes, while mainly coordinating with carbonyl rather than ethereal oxygens. Further quantitative analysis of the displacements in (17)O chemical shifts renders a detailed Li(+)-solvation structure in these electrolyte solutions, revealing that maximum six EC molecules can coexist in the Li(+)-solvation sheath, while DMC association with Li(+) is more "noncommittal" but simultaneously prevalent. This discovery, while aligning well with previous fragmental knowledge about Li(+)-solvation, reveals for the first time a complete picture of Li(+) solvation structure in nonaqueous electrolytes.

An 17O NMR Study of Hydrolyzed Nb(V) in Weakly Acidic and Basic Aqueous Solution

Time-dependent ¹⁷O NMR spectra of basified decaniobate (Nb₁₀O₂₈^6-) solutions displayed intense resonances assigned to the well-known protonated hexaniobate anion (Nb₆O₁₉^8-) and two other species identified as heptaniobate (Nb₇O₂₂^9-) and protonated tetracosaniobate (Nb₂₄O₇₂^24-) anions. The decaniobate ion showed no sign of protonation from pH 6 - 10, in contrast with the hexaniobate ion which was protonated at doubly-bridging oxygen sites at pH 10-13. Most (> 90%) of the heptaniobate formed 1 h after basification was transformed into other species after 3 weeks. Tetracosaniobate was formed reversibly from decaniobate, but only when KOH, NaOH and [(CH₃)₄N]OH were employed; none was observed after basification with [(n-C₄H₉)₄N]OH. Moreover, far more tetracosaniobate was formed from KOH than from [(CH₃)₄N]OH. This effect was attributed to a tetracosaniobate cation binding site that binds K⁺ more readily than (CH₃)₄N⁺ but is too small to accommodate (n-C₄H₉)₄N⁺.