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Harakeh S, Akefe IO, Saber SH, alamri T, Al-Raddadi R, Al-Jaouni S, Tashkandi H, Qari M, Moulay M, Aldahlawi A, Abd Elmageed ZY, Mousa S. Nanoformulated 3'-diindolylmethane modulates apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis in breast cancer cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23553. [PMID: 38187226 PMCID: PMC10770460 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background It is well-established that specific herbal plants contain natural active ingredients that have demonstrated anti-cancer potential. Therefore, they are considered highly beneficial as a potential adjuvant, alternative or complementary agent in anti-cancer therapy. However, the low chemical stability and limited bioavailability of 3, 3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), a plant-derived compound used in clinical settings, limit its therapeutic applications. To overcome this challenge, researchers have focused on developing innovative approaches to improve DIM's biological activity, such as utilizing nanoformulations. Here, we investigated the potential benefits of coating DIM nanoparticles (DIM-NPs) with PEG/chitosan in the treatment of breast cancer. Our results demonstrate the molecular mechanism underlying the activity of DIM-NPs, highlighting their potential as an effective therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment. Methods DIM-PLGA-PEG/chitosan NPs were synthesised and characterised using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and evaluated the impact of these NPs on two breast cancer cell models. Results DIM-NPs had an average diameter of 102.3 nm and a PDI of 0.182. When treated with DIM-NPs for 48 h, both MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells displayed cytotoxicity at a concentration of 6.25 g/mL compared to untreated cells. Furthermore, in MDA-MB-231 cells, treatment with 2.5 μg/mL of DIM-NPs resulted in a significant decrease in cell migration, propagation, and angiogenesis which was further enhanced at 10 μg/mL. In chicken embryos, treatment with 5 μg/mL of DIM-NPs on day 2 led to a significant reduction in angiogenesis. Furthermore, this treatment induced cell death through a regulatory pathway involving the upregulation of Bax and p53, as well as the downregulation of Bcl-2. These results were supported by in-silico analysis of DIM's binding affinity to key proteins involved in this pathway, namely Bax, Bcl-2, and p53. Conclusion Our findings show that DIM-NPs induces apoptosis, inhibit migration, and reduce angiogenesis in breast cancer. However, further research using a preclinical cancer model may be necessary to determine the pharmacokinetics of DIM-NPs and ensure their safety and efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Yousef Abdul Latif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isaac Oluwatobi Akefe
- Academy for Medical Education, Medical School, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, 4006, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Saber H. Saber
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Turki alamri
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajaa Al-Raddadi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad Al-Jaouni
- Yousef Abdul Latif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Hematology/ Pediatric Oncology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa Tashkandi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Qari
- Yousef Abdul Latif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Hematology/ Pediatric Oncology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Moulay
- Embryonic Stem Cell Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia Aldahlawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zakariya Y. Abd Elmageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71203, USA
| | - Shaker Mousa
- Vascular Vision Pharmaceuticals Co., Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
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Dhir N, Jain A, Sharma AR, Prakash A, Bhatia A, Medhi B. Neuroprotective effect of 3,3'-diindolylmethane and ɑ-naphthoflavone, aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators in an experimental model of ischemic stroke. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2022; 21:CNSNDDT-EPUB-122656. [PMID: 35440324 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220418120224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated signaling pathway is being emerged as a current target for neuromodulation. The present study was conducted to characterize the neuroprotective action of AhR modulators, i.e., 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) and ɑ-naphthoflavone (ANF) in an experimental model of stroke using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in Wistar rats. METHODS The animals were treated with respective AhR modulators via intraperitoneal (i.p) injection 3 hrs after MCAO for 4 days (at 24 h interval). Following transient MCAO, the brain infarct volume, ND scoring, and various neuro behavioural tests were conducted to confirm the ischemic stroke. Further, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic mRNA expression were assessed. The histopathological changes in the brain of the rats were assessed using H&E staining and the results obtained were correlated with the molecular parameters. RESULTS Treatment with AhR modulators had significantly decreased the brain infarct volume, ND scoring and improved neuro-behivoral deficits in animals following MCAO. A significant decrease was also observed in the oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic mRNA expression in the AhR ligand treated groups. Moreover, a significant improvement was observed in the neuronal damage following MCAO in the treatment groups. CONCLUSION AhR pathway modulation may be taken as a valuable therapeutic target for treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dhir
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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