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Dwiastuti R, Radifar M, Putri DCA, Riswanto FDO, Hariono M. In silico modeling and empirical study of 4- n-Butylresorcinol nanoliposome formulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10603-10613. [PMID: 34238124 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1946430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A study to incorporate in silico modeling with an empirical experiment has been carried out to formulate nanoliposome containing 4-n-butylresorcinol as the active ingredient. The in silico modeling was performed using molecular dynamics simulation followed by radius of gyration observation to provide insight into the mechanisms of 4-n-butylresorcinol stabilization by liposome due to their nano-size. The empirical experiment was conducted by formulating the nanoliposome using soy lecithin phospholipid formula as suggested by the in silico modeling followed by determining its particle size as well as its shape. From their incorporation, it was found that 3200 phospholipid molecules were selected in formulating nanoliposome containing 4-n-butylresorcinol. The results of the nanoliposomes size observation in the modeling of 3200 lipid molecules was 87.01 (± 0.59) nm, whereas the size from the empirical study was 87.57 (± 0.06) nm. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rini Dwiastuti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Radifar
- Medical Laboratory Technology, Guna Bangsa Institute of Health Science, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dina Christin Ayuning Putri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Florentinus Dika Octa Riswanto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Maywan Hariono
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Cantelli M, Ferrillo M, Granger C, Fabbrocini G. An open-label, investigator-initiated, single-center, prospective, pilot clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of a skin whitening serum applied twice daily combined with a spot-preventing SPF50+ sunscreen in healthy female subjects with melasma hyperpigmentation. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:1523-1532. [PMID: 34087055 PMCID: PMC9290795 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Melasma is a common skin disorder characterized by alterations in normal skin pigmentation. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a skin whitening serum containing niacinamide, hydroxyphenoxy propionic acid, dipotassium glycyrrhizate, glycolic acid, and 4‐n‐butylresorcinol applied twice daily combined with a spot‐preventing SPF50+ sunscreen for treatment of melasma. Methods Twelve healthy Caucasian women with melasma (Fitzpatrick skin types II−IV) were enrolled in this pilot clinical study. Efficacy evaluations were performed at baseline and weeks 4, 8, and 12 of treatment and included clinical and instrumental assessments. Results All endpoints for melasma hyperpigmentation showed a statistically significant improvement from baseline to the end of the study. There was only one dropout. No signs of irritation or discomfort were observed at baseline, w4, w8, or w12. An overall improvement in melasma was observed both clinically and on reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). Conclusion This topical skin whitening serum had favorable outcomes for the treatment of melasma hyperpigmentation in adult women, as demonstrated on investigator and instrumental assessments. The results of this pilot study need to be confirmed in randomized, controlled studies with a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Cantelli
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ferrillo
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Odrobińska J, Mielańczyk Ł, Neugebauer D. 4- n-Butylresorcinol-Based Linear and Graft Polymethacrylates for Arbutin and Vitamins Delivery by Micellar Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020330. [PMID: 32033296 PMCID: PMC7077416 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel initiator, bromoester modified 4-n-butylresorcinol (4nBREBr2), was prepared and utilized in controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to obtain three series of amphiphilic copolymers. The V-shaped copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (MPEGMA), abbreviated to P(HEMA-co-MMA), P(HEMA-co-MPEGMA), and P(MMA-co-MPEGMA), were synthesized. Moreover, P((HEMA-graft-PEG)-co-MMA) graft copolymers were prepared by combining the pre-polymerization modification of HEMA and a "click" reaction using a "grafting onto" approach. All copolymers could form micelles with encapsulated active substances (vitamin C (VitC), vitamin E (VitE), arbutin (ARB)), which are used in cosmetology. In vitro studies carried out in a PBS solution (pH 7.4) demonstrates that in most cases the maximum release of active substance was after 1 h. The polymeric systems presenting satisfactory encapsulation characteristics and release profiles are attractive micellar carriers of cosmetic substances, which show a positive effect on the skin condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Odrobińska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Mielańczyk
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Dorota Neugebauer
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Lee SJ, Son YH, Lee KB, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Jeong EM, Park SC, Kim IG. 4-n-butylresorcinol enhances proteolytic degradation of tyrosinase in B16F10 melanoma cells. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 39:248-255. [PMID: 27666581 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 4-n-butylresorcinol is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase and has been used as an antimelanogenic agent. However, its inhibition mechanism in intact cells is not fully understood. To elucidate the cellular mechanism, we compared in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of 4-n-butylresorcinol on tyrosinase activity. METHODS B16F10 melanoma cells were cultured in media containing α-MSH in the presence or absence of 4-n-butylresorcinol. Tyrosinase mRNA levels, protein levels and activity in B16F10 cells were compared by real-time PCR, immunostaining combined with western blot and colorimetric analysis, respectively. Melanin concentration was measured by colorimetry both in the cells and in the media. Tyrosinase glycosylation and proteolytic degradation were analysed by immunoblotting after cells were treated with Endo H/PNGase F and E64/proteasome inhibitors, respectively. RESULTS 4-n-butylresorcinol inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis more effectively in intact cells than in cell lysates. Western blotting and real-time RT-PCR showed that 4-n-butylresorcinol reduced protein levels, but not mRNA levels, of tyrosinase in B16F10 cells. 4-n-butylresorcinol showed no effect on the processing of tyrosinase glycosylation or on trafficking to melanosomes. However, treatment of B16F10 cells with E64 or proteasome inhibitor abrogated the 4-n-butylresorcinol-induced decrease of tyrosinase. Moreover, 4-n-butylresorcinol activated p38 MAPK, resulting in increased ubiquitination of tyrosinase. CONCLUSION 4-n-butylresorcinol inhibits melanogenesis by enhancing proteolytic degradation of tyrosinase as well as competitive binding to tyrosinase. These findings will help to develop new, effective and safe chemicals for the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-J Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Y H Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - K B Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - J-H Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - H-J Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - E M Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-ro 101, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - S C Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - I-G Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-ro 101, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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Madan Mohan NT, Gowda A, Jaiswal AK, Sharath Kumar BC, Shilpashree P, Gangaboraiah B, Shamanna M. Assessment of efficacy, safety, and tolerability of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.3% cream: an Indian multicentric study on melasma. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2016; 9:21-7. [PMID: 26855596 PMCID: PMC4725640 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s89451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Melasma is one of the commonly reported pigmentory disorders in the Indian population. Numerous therapeutic modalities are available. However, very few have produced complete satisfactory response. 4-n-Butylresorcinol 0.3% cream has recently been introduced in India as a new hypopigmenting agent. It is a resorcinol derivative and acts by inhibiting both tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1. Objective The available published literatures are with 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream, and there is paucity of clinical studies with 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.3% cream. Furthermore, considering the fact that Indian skin is more prone to irritation with hypopigmenting agents, our study explores the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.3% cream in Indian subjects with melasma. Methods Fifty-two subjects with melasma participated in this open-label, single arm, observational study. All the patients were advised twice daily application of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.3% cream for 8 weeks over the areas of melasma. Assessment parameters included modified Melasma Area Severity Index (mMASI) score. Digital photographs of all the patients at baseline, week 4, and week 8 were taken. During this 8-week study period, all the adverse events were observed and recorded. Results All the 52 subjects completed the study. Out of 52 subjects, 90.38% were females. The mean age of patients was 38.5±7.8 years. Mean ± standard error of MASI score measurements showed a significant decrease from baseline score of 14.73±0.59 to 11.09±0.53 after week 4 (P<0.001) and 6.48±0.43 at week 8 (P<0.001). The digital photographs of the study subjects taken at week 4 and week 8 also showed decrease in melasma pigmentation compared to baseline photograph and correlated with the changes in the mMASI score. The treatment was well tolerated by all the study subjects. No adverse reactions were reported throughout the study period. Conclusion Our data suggest that the 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.3% cream is safe, effective, and well tolerated in Indian patients with melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Madan Mohan
- Department of Dermatology, Dr BR Ambedkar Medical College (BRAMC), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Adarsh Gowda
- Department of Dermatology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Dermatology, Dr BR Ambedkar Medical College (BRAMC), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - B C Sharath Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - P Shilpashree
- Department of Dermatology, Dr BR Ambedkar Medical College (BRAMC), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bilugumba Gangaboraiah
- Department of Community Medicine, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Huh SY, Shin JW, Na JI, Huh CH, Youn SW, Park KC. The Efficacy and Safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% Cream for the Treatment of Melasma: A Randomized Controlled Split-face Trial. Ann Dermatol 2010; 22:21-5. [PMID: 20548876 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2010.22.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melasma is a common acquired symmetrical hypermelanosis that occurs on sun-exposed areas, and it is frequently observed among women. Various treatment modalities have been tried, but none are completely satisfactory. 4-n-butylresorcinol, which is a resorcinol derivative that has an inhibitory effect on both tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1, was introduced in 1995 and it has received increasing attention as a new hypopigmenting agent. However, the hypopigmenting effect of 4-n-butylresorcinol in human subjects has only been shown in a few studies. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the hypopigmenting efficacy and safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream for the treatment of melasma. METHODS Twenty patients with melasma were enrolled to this randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, split-face comparative study. The patients were instructed to apply 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream or vehicle to each side of the face twice daily for 8 weeks. Mexameter measurements were performed along with photography at baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Adverse events were observed and recorded throughout the study. RESULTS All the patients completed the study. Mexameter measurements demonstrated that the melanin index of the treated side showed a significant decrease when compared with that of the vehicle-treated side after 4 weeks (p=0.006) and after 8 weeks (p<0.0005). All the adverse reactions were mild and transient. CONCLUSION 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream showed rapid efficacy and it was well tolerated when used for the treatment of melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Huh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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