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Wafford KA. Aberrant waste disposal in neurodegeneration: why improved sleep could be the solution. Cereb Circ Cogn Behav 2021; 2:100025. [PMID: 36324713 PMCID: PMC9616228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2021.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sleep takes up a large percentage of our lives and the full functions of this state are still not understood. However, over the last 10 years a new and important function has emerged as a mediator of brain clearance. Removal of toxic metabolites and proteins from the brain parenchyma generated during waking activity and high levels of synaptic processing is critical to normal brain function and only enabled during deep sleep. Understanding of this process is revealing how impaired sleep contributes an important and likely causative role in the accumulation and aggregation of aberrant proteins such as β-amyloid and phosphorylated tau, as well as inflammation and neuronal damage. We are also beginning to understand how brain slow-wave activity interacts with vascular function allowing the flow of CSF and interstitial fluid to drain into the body's lymphatic system. New methodology is enabling visualization of this process in both animals and humans and is revealing how these processes break down during ageing and disease. With this understanding we can begin to envisage novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of neurodegeneration, and how reversing sleep impairment in the correct manner may provide a way to slow these processes and improve brain function.
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Key Words
- AQP4, aquaporin-4
- Alzheimer's disease
- Amyloid
- Aquaporin-4
- Astrocyte
- Aβ, beta amyloid
- BOLD, blood-oxygen level dependent imaging
- CAA, cerebral amyloid angiopathy
- CSF, Cerebrospinal fluid
- Clearance
- EEG, electroencephalography
- EMG, electromyography
- Glymphatic
- ISF, interstitial fluid
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- NREM, non-rapid eye movement
- OSA, obstructive sleep apnea
- PET, positron emission tomography
- REM, rapid-eye movement
- SWA, slow wave activity
- SWS, slow-wave sleep
- Slow-wave sleep
- iNPH, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
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Battogtokh G, Choi YS, Kang DS, Park SJ, Shim MS, Huh KM, Cho YY, Lee JY, Lee HS, Kang HC. Mitochondria-targeting drug conjugates for cytotoxic, anti-oxidizing and sensing purposes: current strategies and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:862-880. [PMID: 30505656 PMCID: PMC6251809 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial targeting is a promising approach for solving current issues in clinical application of chemotherapy and diagnosis of several disorders. Here, we discuss direct conjugation of mitochondrial-targeting moieties to anticancer drugs, antioxidants and sensor molecules. Among them, the most widely applied mitochondrial targeting moiety is triphenylphosphonium (TPP), which is a delocalized cationic lipid that readily accumulates and penetrates through the mitochondrial membrane due to the highly negative mitochondrial membrane potential. Other moieties, including short peptides, dequalinium, guanidine, rhodamine, and F16, are also known to be promising mitochondrial targeting agents. Direct conjugation of mitochondrial targeting moieties to anticancer drugs, antioxidants and sensors results in increased cytotoxicity, anti-oxidizing activity and sensing activity, respectively, compared with their non-targeting counterparts, especially in drug-resistant cells. Although many mitochondria-targeted anticancer drug conjugates have been investigated in vitro and in vivo, further clinical studies are still needed. On the other hand, several mitochondria-targeting antioxidants have been analyzed in clinical phases I, II and III trials, and one conjugate has been approved for treating eye disease in Russia. There are numerous ongoing studies of mitochondria-targeted sensors.
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Key Words
- (Fx, r)3, (l-cyclohexyl alanine-d-arginine)3
- 4-AT, 4-amino-TEMPO
- 5-FU, 5-Fluorouracil
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- AIE, aggregation-induced emission
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Anticancer agents
- Antioxidants
- Arg, arginine
- Aβ, beta amyloid
- BODIPY, boron-dipyrromethene
- C-dots, carbon dots
- CAT, catalase
- COX, cytochrome c oxidase
- CZBI, carbazole and benzo[e]indolium
- CoA, coenzyme A
- DDS, drug delivery system
- DEPMPO, 5-(diethylphosphono)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide
- DIPPMPO, 5-(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide
- DQA, dequalinium
- Direct conjugation
- Dmt, dimethyltyrosine
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- F16, (E)-4-(1H-indol-3-ylvinyl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide
- GPX, glutathione peroxidase
- GS, gramicidin S
- HTPP, 5-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin
- IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane
- IMS, intermembrane space
- IOA, imidazole-substituted oleic acid
- LA, lipoic acid
- LAH2, dihydrolipoic acid
- Lys, lysine
- MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition
- MLS, mitochondria localization sequences
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MPP, mitochondria-penetrating peptides
- MitoChlor, TPP-chlorambucil
- MitoE, TPP-vitamin E
- MitoLA, TPP-lipoic acid
- MitoQ, TPP-ubiquinone
- MitoVES, TPP-vitamin E succinate
- Mitochondria-targeting
- Nit, nitrooxy
- NitDOX, nitrooxy-DOX
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PD, Parkinson׳s disease
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- PET, photoinduced electron transfer
- PS, photosensitizer
- PTPC, permeability transition pore complex
- Phe, phenylalanine
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SS peptide, Szeto-Schiller peptides
- Sensing agents
- SkQ1, Skulachev ion-quinone
- TEMPOL, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl
- TPEY-TEMPO, [2-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ylimino)-ethyl]-triphenyl-phosphonium
- TPP, triphenylphosphonium
- Tyr, tyrosine
- VDAC/ANT, voltage-dependent anion channel/adenine nucleotide translocase
- VES, vitamin E succinate
- XO, xanthine oxidase
- mitoTEMPO, (2-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl)triphenylphosphonium)
- mtCbl, (Fx,r)3-chlorambucil
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- mtPt, mitochondria-targeting (Fx,r)3-platinum(II)
- nDNA, nuclear DNA
- αTOS, alpha-tocopheryl succinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantumur Battogtokh
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Su Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Seop Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Park
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
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Zafeiris D, Rutella S, Ball GR. An Artificial Neural Network Integrated Pipeline for Biomarker Discovery Using Alzheimer's Disease as a Case Study. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:77-87. [PMID: 29977480 PMCID: PMC6026215 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of machine learning has allowed researchers to generate and analyse vast amounts of data using a wide variety of methodologies. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are some of the most commonly used statistical models and have been successful in biomarker discovery studies in multiple disease types. This review seeks to explore and evaluate an integrated ANN pipeline for biomarker discovery and validation in Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia worldwide with no proven cause and no available cure. The proposed pipeline consists of analysing public data with a categorical and continuous stepwise algorithm and further examination through network inference to predict gene interactions. This methodology can reliably generate novel markers and further examine known ones and can be used to guide future research in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Zafeiris
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
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