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Aiba K, Nakamura Y, Sugimoto M, Yatsuka Y, Okazaki Y, Murayama K, Ohtake A, Yokochi K, Saitoh S. A case of ATR-X syndrome with mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104251. [PMID: 34051360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability (ATR-X) syndrome is caused by a mutation in ATRX, which is essential for proper chromatin remodeling. ATRX dysfunction leads to dysregulation of many genes due to abnormal chromatin remodeling, and causes a multisystem disorder in patients with ATR-X. Because mitochondrial disorders also show multisystem involvement, whether mitochondrial function is affected in patients with ATR-X is of interest. Here, we report a case of a 4-year-old male with a mutation (NM_000489.4: c.736C > T p.Arg246Cys) in ATRX, who showed mitochondrial dysfunction with complex I deficiency. The results from our study suggest that target genes of the ATRX protein may include those responsible for mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to some ATR-X phenotypes.
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2
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Timpano S, Picketts DJ. Neurodevelopmental Disorders Caused by Defective Chromatin Remodeling: Phenotypic Complexity Is Highlighted by a Review of ATRX Function. Front Genet 2020; 11:885. [PMID: 32849845 PMCID: PMC7432156 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to determine the genetic etiology of intellectual disability (ID) and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) has improved immensely over the last decade. One prevailing metric from these studies is the large percentage of genes encoding epigenetic regulators, including many members of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzyme family. Chromatin remodeling proteins can be subdivided into five classes that include SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, INO80, and ATRX. These proteins utilize the energy from ATP hydrolysis to alter nucleosome positioning and are implicated in many cellular processes. As such, defining their precise roles and contributions to brain development and disease pathogenesis has proven to be complex. In this review, we illustrate that complexity by reviewing the roles of ATRX on genome stability, replication, and transcriptional regulation and how these mechanisms provide key insight into the phenotype of ATR-X patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Timpano
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David J Picketts
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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3
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Wada H, Suemori SI. [Red cell membrane disorders and thalassemia]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2019; 60:423-432. [PMID: 31168008 DOI: 10.11406/rinketsu.60.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hemolytic anemias are classified into three major categories: red cell membrane disorders, hemoglobinopathies, and red cell enzyme disorders. The membrane disorders are caused by abnormalities in erythrocyte membrane proteins and are often associated with disease-specific deformations of red blood cells. Historically, membrane disorders have been classified according to morphology. In recent years, however, comprehensive genetic analysis with next-generation sequencing has been performed in patients with hemolytic anemia for whom making an accurate diagnosis is difficult. These studies have led to the identification of new causative genes, but there have been inconsistent associations in some cases between the diagnosed disease and the patient's clinical manifestations. Thalassemia is a hemoglobinopathy caused by a quantitative abnormality of one or the other of the globin chains in hemoglobin. Most Japanese patients with thalassemia have mild forms of the disease, which is different from reports in other countries. However, with globalization, the proportion of Japanese patients with intermediate or severe anemia is increasing. Therefore, it is incumbent on hematologists in Japan to be knowledgeable regarding prenatal diagnosis of and gene therapy for thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideho Wada
- Department of Hematology, Kawasaki Medical School
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Yamaguchi K, Shioda N, Yabuki Y, Zhang C, Han F, Fukunaga K. SA4503, A Potent Sigma-1 Receptor Ligand, Ameliorates Synaptic Abnormalities and Cognitive Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of ATR-X Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2811. [PMID: 30231518 PMCID: PMC6163584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability (ATR-X) syndrome is caused by mutations in ATRX. An ATR-X model mouse lacking Atrx exon 2 displays phenotypes that resemble symptoms in the human intellectual disability: cognitive defects and abnormal dendritic spine formation. We herein target activation of sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) that can induce potent neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects by promoting the activity of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We demonstrated that treatment with SA4503, a potent activator of Sig-1R, reverses axonal development and dendritic spine abnormalities in cultured cortical neurons from ATR-X model mice. Moreover, the SA4503 treatment rescued cognitive deficits exhibited by the ATR-X model mice. We further found that significant decreases in the BDNF-protein level in the medial prefrontal cortex of ATR-X model mice were recovered with treatment of SA4503. These results indicate that the rescue of dendritic spine abnormalities through the activation of Sig-1R has a potential for post-diagnostic therapy in ATR-X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouya Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Norifumi Shioda
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Yabuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31005, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Feng Han
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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5
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Ji J, Quindipan C, Parham D, Shen L, Ruble D, Bootwalla M, Maglinte DT, Gai X, Saitta SC, Biegel JA, Mascarenhas L. Inherited germline ATRX mutation in two brothers with ATR-X syndrome and osteosarcoma. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1390-1395. [PMID: 28371217 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report a family in which two brothers had an undiagnosed genetic disorder comprised of dysmorphic features, microcephaly, severe intellectual disability (non-verbal), mild anemia, and cryptorchidism. Both developed osteosarcoma. Trio exome sequencing (using blood samples from the younger brother and both parents) was performed and a nonsense NM_000489.4:c.7156C>T (p.Arg2386*) mutation in the ATRX gene was identified in the proband (hemizygous) and in the mother's peripheral blood DNA (heterozygous). The mother is healthy, does not exhibit any clinical manifestations of ATR-X syndrome and there was no family history of cancer. The same hemizygous pathogenic variant was confirmed in the affected older brother's skin tissue by subsequent Sanger sequencing. Chromosomal microarray studies of both brothers' osteosarcomas revealed complex copy number alterations consistent with the clinical diagnosis of osteosarcoma. Recently, somatic mutations in the ATRX gene have been observed as recurrent alterations in both osteosarcoma and brain tumors. However, it is unclear if there is any association between osteosarcoma and germline ATRX mutations, specifically in patients with constitutional ATR-X syndrome. This is the first report of osteosarcoma diagnosed in two males with ATR-X syndrome, suggesting a potential increased risk for cancer in patients with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Ji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine Quindipan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Parham
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lishuang Shen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Ruble
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Moiz Bootwalla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dennis T Maglinte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiaowu Gai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sulagna C Saitta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Leo Mascarenhas
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Horesh N, Pery R, Amiel I, Shwaartz C, Speter C, Guranda L, Gutman M, Hoffman A. Volvulus and bowel obstruction in ATR-X syndrome-clinical report and review of literature. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2777-9. [PMID: 26174613 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alpha thalassemia-mental retardation, X-linked (ATR-X) syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with a variety of clinical manifestations. Gastrointestinal symptoms described in this syndrome include difficulties in feeding, regurgitation and vomiting which may lead to aspiration pneumonia, abdominal pain, distention, and constipation. We present a 19-year-old male diagnosed with ATR-X syndrome, who suffered from recurrent colonic volvulus that ultimately led to bowel necrosis with severe septic shock requiring emergent surgical intervention. During 1 year, the patient was readmitted four times due to poor oral intake, dehydration and abdominal distention. Investigation revealed partial small bowel volvulus which resolved with non-operative treatment. Small and large bowel volvulus are uncommon and life-threatening gastrointestinal manifestations of ATR-X patients, which may contribute to the common phenomenon of prolonged food refusal in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Horesh
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (affiliated with the Faculty of medicine, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel), Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ron Pery
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (affiliated with the Faculty of medicine, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel), Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Imri Amiel
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (affiliated with the Faculty of medicine, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel), Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Chaya Shwaartz
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (affiliated with the Faculty of medicine, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel), Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Chen Speter
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (affiliated with the Faculty of medicine, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel), Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Larisa Guranda
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (affiliated with the Faculty of medicine, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel), Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mordechai Gutman
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (affiliated with the Faculty of medicine, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel), Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Aviad Hoffman
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (affiliated with the Faculty of medicine, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel), Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
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7
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Watanabe T, Arai K, Takahashi M, Ohno M, Sato K, Fuchimoto Y, Wada T, Ida S, Kawahara H, Kanamori Y. Esophago-gastric motility and nutritional management in a child with ATR-X syndrome. Pediatr Int 2014; 56:e48-51. [PMID: 25252072 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder that often involves gastrointestinal symptoms. Aspiration pneumonia related to gastroesophageal reflux has been reported as the major cause of death, but gastrointestinal function has not been well investigated. The present report describes a child with ATR-X syndrome who suffered from periodical episodes of refractory vomiting. We investigated the function of upper alimentary tract and found that esophago-gastric dysmotility and severe gastric volvulus were the major causes of gastrointestinal symptoms. This child was surgically treated with anterior gastropexy and jejunal alimentation through gastrostomy, and the symptoms were relieved with good weight gain. This report may provide insight into the gastrointestinal function and nutritional management in children with ATR-X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Watanabe
- Department of Surgical Subspecialties, Division of Surgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Moncini S, Bedeschi MF, Castronovo P, Crippa M, Calvello M, Garghentino RR, Scuvera G, Finelli P, Venturin M. ATRX mutation in two adult brothers with non-specific moderate intellectual disability identified by exome sequencing. Meta Gene 2013; 1:102-8. [PMID: 25606380 PMCID: PMC4205036 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we describe two adult brothers affected by moderate non-specific intellectual disability (ID). They showed minor facial anomalies, not clearly ascribable to any specific syndromic patterns, microcephaly, brachydactyly and broad toes. Both brothers presented seizures. Karyotype, subtelomeric and FMR1 analysis were normal in both cases. We performed array-CGH analysis that revealed no copy-number variations potentially associated with ID. Subsequent exome sequence analysis allowed the identification of the ATRX c.109C>T (p.R37X) mutation in both the affected brothers. Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of the mutation in the brothers and showed that the mother is a healthy carrier. Mutations in the ATRX gene cause the X-linked alpha thalassemia/mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome (MIM #301040), a severe clinical condition usually associated with profound ID, facial dysmorphism and alpha thalassemia. However, the syndrome is clinically heterogeneous and some mutations, including the c.109C>T, are associated with a broad phenotypic spectrum, with patients displaying a less severe phenotype with only mild-moderate ID. In the case presented here, exome sequencing provided an effective strategy to achieve the molecular diagnosis of ATR-X syndrome, which otherwise would have been difficult to consider due to the mild non-specific phenotype and the absence of a family history with typical severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moncini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M F Bedeschi
- UOD Genetica Medica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - P Castronovo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Crippa
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica Medica e Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino (MI), Italy
| | - M Calvello
- UOD Genetica Medica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - R R Garghentino
- IRCCS "E Medea", Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Centro di Riabilitazione "La nostra Famiglia" Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
| | - G Scuvera
- UOD Genetica Medica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - P Finelli
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica Medica e Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino (MI), Italy
| | - M Venturin
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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