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Zhang S, Jiang Y, Zhou L, Xu J, Zhang G, Shen L, Xu Y. Genomic Characteristics and Its Therapeutic Implications in Breast Cancer Patients with Detectable Molecular Residual Disease. Cancer Res Treat 2024; 56:538-548. [PMID: 38062709 PMCID: PMC11016634 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2023.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular residual disease (MRD) is the main cause of postoperative recurrence of breast cancer. However, the baseline tumor genomic characteristics and therapeutic implications of breast cancer patients with detectable MRD after surgery are still unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we enrolled 80 patients with breast cancer who underwent next-generation sequencing-based genetic testing of 1,021 cancer-related genes performed on baseline tumor and postoperative plasma, among which 18 patients had detectable MRD after surgery. RESULTS Baseline clinical characteristics found that patients with higher clinical stages were more likely to have detectable MRD. Analysis of single nucleotide variations and small insertions/deletions in baseline tumors showed that somatic mutations in MAP3K1, ATM, FLT1, GNAS, POLD1, SPEN, and WWP2 were significantly enriched in patients with detectable MRD. Oncogenic signaling pathway analysis revealed that alteration of the Cell cycle pathway was more likely to occur in patients with detectable MRD (p=0.012). Mutational signature analysis showed that defective DNA mismatch repair and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) mediated somatic hypermutation (SHM) were associated with detectable MRD. According to the OncoKB database, 77.8% (14/18) of patients with detectable MRD had U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved mutational biomarkers and targeted therapy. CONCLUSION Our study reports genomic characteristics of breast cancer patients with detectable MRD. The cell cycle pathway, defective DNA mismatch repair, and AID-mediated SHM were found to be the possible causes of detectable MRD. We also found the vast majority of patients with detectable MRD have the opportunity to access targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Geneplus-Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Qu B, Zhao Y, An L, Hang H. The application of adenine deaminase in antibody affinity maturation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2661-2670. [PMID: 36929186 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we established a platform for antibody/protein affinity maturation based on CHO cell display. The gene of interest was mutated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and then, a mutation library mainly containing G/C to A/T conversion was obtained by simply proliferating cells. However, the AID-induced G/C to A/T conversion limits the diversity space of the mutation library. In contrast to AID, adenine deaminase (ADA) can convert A/T to G/C. In this study, we demonstrated that ADA could efficiently induce random A/T to G/C mutations on the target gene in the CHO cell display and could be applied in affinity maturation. Our data also showed that more mutant types were obtained through the combined use of AID and ADA, thus offering an opportunity to acquire new mutants offering higher affinities than those obtained by only using AID. Examples presented in this study showed that ADA contributed to the improvement of antibody affinity either with or without AID in CHO display. KEY POINTS: • ADA is able to induce random mutations on antibody gene in mammalian cells. • ADA induces mutations on A/T bases to compensate AID which can induce mutation on G/C. • Combination of AID and ADA can increase mutation types and maturation efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baole Qu
- Key Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili An
- Key Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haiying Hang
- Key Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Nojima T, Nonaka M, Seo Y, Yamamura Y, Mukai M. Increased Expression of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase in Sinus Mucosa from IgG4-Related Disease Patients with Comorbid Chronic Rhinosinusitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2021; 83:286-294. [PMID: 34077941 DOI: 10.1159/000515797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic condition characterized by an elevated serum IgG4 level, localized infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells, and lesions in various organs. IgG4-RD also shows high rates of complication with allergic diseases and is often accompanied by elevated serum IgE levels. Reports in recent years have also shown high rates of complication with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and its characteristic nasal manifestations. Accordingly, we speculate that there may be a distinct form of CRS that, as an IgG4-RD, differs from other CRS. Here, we investigated whether the elevated levels of factors that are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD are also seen in the sinus mucosa of IgG4-RD-associated CRS patients. METHODS Ethmoid sinus mucosa specimens from 9 IgG4-RD (6 Mikulicz disease and 3 Küttner's tumor) patients with elevated serum IgG4 and IgE and from 22 control CRS patients were examined immunohistochemically for Treg cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β), activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and immunocompetent cells. The 22 control CRS patients were divided into 3 subgroups based on the serological findings for IgG4 and IgE. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to examine the expression of AID. RESULTS The ethmoid sinus mucosa from patients with IgG4-RD-associated CRS showed, in comparison with the 3 CRS control subgroups, significantly elevated AID production. Their mucosa also showed significantly increased infiltration of CD-20-positive immunocompetent cells compared with the controls. On the other hand, immunohistochemical examination found no significant differences in the number of IL-10- or TGF-β-positive cells. CONCLUSION Ethmoid sinus mucosa from IgG4-RD-associated CRS patients showed clearly increased AID production, suggesting AID involvement in class-switching to IgG4 in those local sites. This implies the existence of a distinct form of CRS that is an IgG4-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Nojima
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Nonaka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukako Seo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukie Yamamura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Mukai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Muthupandian A, Waly D, Magor BG. Do ectothermic vertebrates have a home in which to affinity mature their antibody responses? Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 119:104021. [PMID: 33482240 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There has been a longstanding question of whether affinity maturation occurs in ectotherms, and if it does, where in tissues this happens. Although cold-blooded vertebrates (ectotherms) lack histologically discernible germinal centers, they have a fully functional Ig gene mutator enzyme (activation-induced cytidine deaminase: AID or Aicda). Protein and Ig cDNA transcript analyses provide evidence that ectotherms can, under certain conditions, demonstrate antibody affinity maturation, and somatic hypermutation of their Ig genes during secondary immune responses. Here, we review the evidence for antibody affinity maturation and somatic hypermutation of Ig V(D)J exons. We argue that past evidence of long-term intact antigen retention, and recent studies of in situ expression of AID transcripts, point to fish melanomacrophage clusters as sites functionally analogous to a germinal center. Recent work in zebrafish provides a way forward to test these predictions through V(D)J repertoire analyses on isolated, intact melanomacrophage clusters. This work has implications not only for vaccine use in aquaculture, but also for antibody affinity maturation processes in all ectothermic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muthupandian
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G-2E5, Canada
| | - D Waly
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G-2E5, Canada
| | - B G Magor
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G-2E5, Canada.
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Traxel S, Lehmann J, Richard S, Sidorov S, Niggli F, Berger C, Nadal D, Bürgler S. Support of BCP-ALL-cells by autologous bone marrow Th-cells involves induction of AID expression but not widespread AID off-target mutagenesis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2275-89. [PMID: 33507341 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy. The two-step BCP-ALL pathogenesis requires in utero-induced chromosomal aberrations and additional mutagenic events for overt leukemia. In mouse models, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID/AICDA) was suggested to contribute to BCP-ALL pathogenesis by off-target mutagenic activity. The role of AID in patients, however, remains unclear. Moreover, AID is usually not expressed in precursor B-cells but in germinal center B-cells, where it is induced upon T-helper (Th) cell stimulation. We have previously demonstrated that autologous Th-cells supportively interacted with BCP-ALL-cells. Here, we hypothesize that this interaction additionally induces AID expression in BCP-ALL-cells, leading to off-target mutagenic activity. We show that co-culture with autologous bone marrow Th-cells induced high AICDA expression in primary BCP-ALL-cells. This induction was mediated by a mechanism similar to the induction in mature B-cells involving IL-13/Stat6, CD40L/NF-κB and TGFβ/Smad2/3 signaling. Even though Th-cell-induced AID seemed to be active in vitro in a BCP-ALL reporter cell line, extensive mutational signature analysis revealed no major contribution of AID activity to the mutational landscape in BCP-ALL patients. AID activity was neither detected in mutation clusters nor in known AID targets. Moreover, no recurrently mutated gene showed a relevant enrichment of mutations in the AID motif. Together, the lack of AID-induced mutational consequences argues towards a Th-cell-promoted yet AID-independent BCP-ALL pathogenesis and favors therapeutic research focusing on Th-cell-derived support of BCP-ALL-cells rather than AID-induced effects.
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Godsmark G, DE Souza Rios LA, Mowla S. Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Promotes Proliferation and Enhances Chemoresistance and Migration in B-cell Lymphoma. Anticancer Res 2021; 41:237-247. [PMID: 33419818 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a DNA modifying enzyme which has an essential function in promoting antibody diversification. Its overexpression is strongly associated with B-cell derived malignancies including Burkitt lymphoma, where AID is required for the characteristic c-MYC/IGH translocation. This study aimed at defining AID's oncopathogenic role which is still poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS We created over-expressing and knock-down cell culture models of AID, and used cellular assays to provide insight into its contribution to lymphomagenesis. RESULTS We showed that AID expression is highly specific to, and abundantly expressed in B-cell-derived cancers and that ectopic overexpression of AID leads to rapid cell death. Using a knock-down model, we revealed that AID expression significantly impacts genomic stability, proliferation, migration and drug resistance. CONCLUSION AID is an important driver of lymphoma, impacting multiple cellular events, and is potentially a strong candidate for targeted therapy in lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Godsmark
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leonardo Alves DE Souza Rios
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shaheen Mowla
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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de la Varga-Martínez R, Vilches-Moreno M, Viejo-Almanzor A, Pérez-Requena J, Rodríguez C, Mora-López F. Hyper IgM Syndrome Type 2 Presenting as Intestinal Lymphoid Polyposis Without Recurrent Infection. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2020; 30:362-364. [PMID: 32694097 DOI: 10.18176/jiaci.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R de la Varga-Martínez
- Servicio de Inmunología, UGC de Hematología, Inmunología y Genética, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M Vilches-Moreno
- Servicio de Inmunología, UGC de Hematología, Inmunología y Genética, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - A Viejo-Almanzor
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J Pérez-Requena
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - C Rodríguez
- Servicio de Inmunología, UGC de Hematología, Inmunología y Genética, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F Mora-López
- Servicio de Inmunología, UGC de Hematología, Inmunología y Genética, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
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8
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Jiao J, Lv Z, Zhang P, Wang Y, Yuan M, Yu X, Otieno Odhiambo W, Zheng M, Zhang H, Ma Y, Ji Y. AID assists DNMT1 to attenuate BCL6 expression through DNA methylation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines. Neoplasia 2020; 22:142-153. [PMID: 32062068 PMCID: PMC7021553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCL6 proto-oncogene encodes a transcriptional repressor, which is required for germinal centers (GCs) formation and lymphomagenesis. Previous studies have been reported that the constitutive expression of BCL6 leads to diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) through activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) mediated chromosomal translocations and mutations. However, other DLBCLs (45%) without structural variants were characterized by abnormally high level of BCL6 expression through an unknown mechanism. Herein, we report that deficiency in AID or methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) triggers high level of BCL6 expression. AID-DNMT1 complex binds to −0.4 kb −0 kb region of BCL6 promoter and contributes to generate BCL6 methylation which results in inhibition of BCL6 expression. The proteasome pathway inhibitor MG132 induces accumulation of AID and DNMT1, causes decreased BCL6 expression, and leads to cell apoptosis and tumor growth inhibition in DLBCL cell xenograft mice. These findings propose mechanistic insight into an alternative cofactor role of AID in assisting DNMT1 to maintain BCL6 methylation, thus suppress BCL6 transcription in DLBCL. This novel mechanism will provide a new drug selection in the therapeutic approach to DLBCL in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuangwei Lv
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaozhuo Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Woodvine Otieno Odhiambo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingzhe Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Ma
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Ji
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Li L, Su N, Cui M, Li H, Zhang Q, Yu N, Wu S, Cao Z. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression in colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2019; 12:4119-4124. [PMID: 31933808 PMCID: PMC6949800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) produces immune-diversity by inducing somatic hypermutations and class-switch recombinations in human immunoglobulin genes. This role of AID in causing genomic mutations, also can potentially cause somatic mutations in various host genes of non-lymphoid tissues, and contribute to tumorigenesis. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether AID expression was involved in the development or progression of colorectal cancer, and the nuclear expression of p53 protein in cancer cells. We examined the pattern of expression of AID and p53 proteins in 71 colorectal adenomas and 122 sporadic colorectal cancers by immunohistochemistry. AID and p53 expression was detected in 57 (46.7%) and 78 (63.9%) out of 122 colorectal cancers, respectively. Statistically, the expression of the AID protein was not associated with the 5-year survival or clinical and pathological parameters, including tumor stage, location, size, and lymph node metastasis (P > 0.05). However, the expression of the AID protein was associated with tumor differentiation (P = 0.004). In addition, a significant association was observed between AID and the nuclear expression of p53 in colorectal cancers (P = 0.0357). Only 3 (4.2%) of the 71 colorectal adenomas showed immunopostivity for AID, resulting in a significant difference between total colorectal cancers and adenomas (P < 0.001). The p53 expression was detected in 7 (9.9%) out of 71 colorectal adenomas. Statistically, AID protein was not associated with the degree of dysplasia and the nuclear expression of p53 in colorectal adenomas (P > 0.05). These results suggest that aberrant expression of the AID protein might play a role in the development of colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Li
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
| | - Nana Su
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Binzhou City People’s HospitalBinzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhang Cao
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong, China
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Kumar Singh A, Tamrakar A, Jaiswal A, Kanayama N, Agarwal A, Tripathi P, Kodgire P. Splicing regulator SRSF1-3 that controls somatic hypermutation of IgV genes interacts with topoisomerase 1 and AID. Mol Immunol 2019; 116:63-72. [PMID: 31622795 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of Ig genes is initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and requires target gene transcription. A splice isoform of SRSF1, SRSF1-3, is necessary for AID-dependent SHM of IgV genes. Nevertheless, its exact molecular mechanism of action in SHM remains unknown. Our in silico studies show that, unlike SRSF1, SRSF1-3 lacks a strong nuclear localization domain. We show that the absence of RS domain in SRSF1-3 affects its nuclear localization, as compared to SRSF1. Consequently, SRSF1-3 is predominantly present in the cytoplasm. Remarkably, co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that SRSF1-3 interacts with Topoisomerase 1 (TOP1), a crucial regulator of SHM that assists in generating ssDNA for AID activity. Moreover, the immunofluorescence studies confirmed that SRSF1-3 and TOP1 are co-localized in the nucleus. Furthermore, Proximity Ligation Assay corroborated the direct interaction between SRSF1-3 and TOP1. An interaction between SRSF1-3 and TOP1 suggests that SRSF1-3 likely influences the TOP1 activity and consequently can aid in SHM. Accordingly, SRSF1-3 probably acts as a link between TOP1 and SHM, by spatially regulating TOP1 activity at the Ig locus. We also confirmed the interaction between SRSF1-3 and AID in chicken B-cells. Thus, SRSF1-3 shows dual-regulation of SHM, via interacting with AID as well as TOP1.
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Wang L, Deng Q, Hu H, Liu M, Gong Z, Zhang S, Xu-Monette ZY, Lu Z, Young KH, Ma X, Li Y. Glyphosate induces benign monoclonal gammopathy and promotes multiple myeloma progression in mice. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:70. [PMID: 31277689 PMCID: PMC6612199 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the USA and worldwide. There has been considerable debate about its carcinogenicity. Epidemiological studies suggest that multiple myeloma (MM) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have a positive and statistically significant association with glyphosate exposure. As a B cell genome mutator, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a key pathogenic player in both MM and B cell NHL. METHODS Vk*MYC is a mouse line with sporadic MYC activation in germinal center B cells and considered as the best available MM animal model. We treated Vk*MYC mice and wild-type mice with drinking water containing 1000 mg/L of glyphosate and examined animals after 72 weeks. RESULTS Vk*MYC mice under glyphosate exposure developed progressive hematological abnormalities and plasma cell neoplasms such as splenomegaly, anemia, and high serum IgG. Moreover, glyphosate caused multiple organ dysfunction, including lytic bone lesions and renal damage in Vk*MYC mice. Glyphosate-treated wild-type mice developed benign monoclonal gammopathy with increased serum IgG, anemia, and plasma cell presence in the spleen and bone marrow. Finally, glyphosate upregulated AID in the spleen and bone marrow of both wild-type and Vk*MYC mice. CONCLUSIONS These data support glyphosate as an environmental risk factor for MM and potentially NHL and implicate a mechanism underlying the B cell-specificity of glyphosate-induced carcinogenesis observed epidemiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qipan Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Stomatology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zijun Y Xu-Monette
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongxin Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Ken H Young
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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12
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Grundström C, Kumar A, Priya A, Negi N, Grundström T. ETS1 and PAX5 transcription factors recruit AID to Igh DNA. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1687-1697. [PMID: 30089192 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes optimize antibody responses by class switch recombination (CSR), which changes the expressed constant region exon of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH), and by somatic hypermutation (SH) that introduces point mutations in the variable regions of the antibody genes. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is the key mutagenic enzyme that initiates both these antibody diversification processes by deaminating cytosine to uracil. Here we asked the question if transcription factors can mediate the specific targeting of the antibody diversification by recruiting AID. We have recently reported that AID is together with the transcription factors E2A, PAX5 and IRF4 in a complex on key sequences of the Igh locus. Here we report that also ETS1 is together with AID in this complex on key sequences of the Igh locus in splenic B cells of mice. Furthermore, we show that both ETS1 and PAX5 can directly recruit AID to DNA sequences from the Igh locus with the specific binding site for the transcription factor. Taken together, our findings support the notion of a targeting mechanism for the selective diversification of antibody genes with limited genome wide mutagenesis by recruitment of AID by PAX5 and ETS1 in a transcription factor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anjani Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anshu Priya
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Neema Negi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Gaudot L, Thomas-Claudepierre AS, Robert I, Schiavo E, Heyer V, Reina-San-Martin B. Med1 deficiency alters the somatic hypermutation spectrum in murine B cells. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:720-723. [PMID: 29293266 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Mediator complex is known to orchestrate transcription. Here we show that B cell conditional deficient mice for the Med1 subunit display robust somatic hypermutation. Nevertheless, the mutation frequency at A residues is decreased and the expected A/T ratio is abolished, implicating Mediator in the second phase of somatic hypermutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Gaudot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 1258, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Thomas-Claudepierre
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 1258, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Isabelle Robert
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 1258, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Ebe Schiavo
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 1258, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Vincent Heyer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 1258, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Bernardo Reina-San-Martin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 1258, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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14
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Que L, Liu G, Kitamura K, Wakae K, Li Y, Nishitsuji H, Ujino S, Shimotohno K, Muramatsu M. Molecular characterization of AID-mediated reduction of hepatitis B virus transcripts. Virology 2017; 510:281-8. [PMID: 28779685 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. After entering a hepatocyte, HBV forms a nuclear viral episome and produces pregenomic (pg) RNA with a stem-loop structure called an epsilon, which acts to signal encapsidation. We previously demonstrated that TGF-β upregulates activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression in hepatocytes, which in turn downregulates HBV transcripts by recruiting the RNA exosome complex. The molecular mechanism underlying AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction remains largely unclear. Here we used a pgRNA reporter system having a reporter gene within pgRNA to identify sis- and trans-acting elements in AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction. We found that the epsilon RNA and C-terminus of AID are required for AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction. Importantly, this reduction was reproduced in a hydrodynamic HBV transfection mouse model. The molecular mechanism of AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction is discussed.
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15
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Zhou G, Cao Y, Dong W, Lin Y, Wang Q, Wu W, Hua X, Ling Y, Xie X, Hu S, Cen J, Gu W. The clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of AID, miR-181b, and miR-155 expression in adult patients with de novo B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:1-9. [PMID: 28140712 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1283028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) gene, miR-181b and miR-155 expression in de novo adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patients. Results showed that AID and miR-155 expression were higher in B-ALL patients than healthy controls, while miR-181b expression was lower in B-ALL patients. In addition, Ph+ B-ALLs had higher AID expression than Ph- B-ALLs, and its high expression was associated with BCR-ABL. Moreover, B-ALL patients with AIDhigh or miR-181blow expression had a shorter overall survival (OS). AIDhigh with miR-181blow, AIDhigh with miR-155low, miR-181blow, miR-155low, AIDhigh with miR-181blow and miR-155low expression were associated with shorter OS. Combination of the three molecules are more accurate predictors for unfavorable OS compared with univariate group. Therefore, AID, miR-181b and miR-155 provide clinical prognosis of adult de novo B-ALL patients and may refine their molecular risk classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangquan Zhou
- a Department of Hematology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou , Changzhou , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Yang Cao
- a Department of Hematology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou , Changzhou , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Weimin Dong
- a Department of Hematology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou , Changzhou , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Yan Lin
- a Department of Hematology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou , Changzhou , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- b Laboratory of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou , Changzhou , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Wei Wu
- a Department of Hematology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou , Changzhou , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Xiaoying Hua
- a Department of Hematology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou , Changzhou , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Yun Ling
- a Department of Hematology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou , Changzhou , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Xiaobao Xie
- a Department of Hematology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou , Changzhou , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Shaoyan Hu
- c Department of Hematology , Children's Hospital of Suzhou University , Suzhou , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Jiannong Cen
- d Laboratory of Leukemia, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University , Suzhou , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Weiying Gu
- a Department of Hematology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou , Changzhou , Jiangsu Province , PR China
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16
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Matsumoto T, Takahashi K, Inuzuka T, Kim SK, Kurosaki T, Kawakami S, Chiba T, Seno H, Marusawa H. Activation of TNF-α-AID axis and co-inhibitory signals in coordination with Th1-type immunity in a mouse model recapitulating hepatitis B. Antiviral Res 2017; 139:138-145. [PMID: 28063995 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection evokes host immune responses that primarily determine the outcome of HBV infection and the clinical features of HBV-associated liver disease. The precise mechanisms by which host factors restrict HBV replication, however, are poorly understood due to the lack of useful animal models that recapitulate immune responses to HBV. Here, we performed comprehensive immunologic gene expression profiling of the liver of a mouse model recapitulating anti-HBV immune response using a high sensitivity direct digital counting system. Anti-HBV cellular immunity with liver inflammation was elicited in mice hydrodynamically injected with a CpG-depleted plasmid encoding hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) gene after preimmunization with HBsAg vaccine. Comprehensive expression analyses revealed the upregulation of Th1-associated genes including tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) and negative regulators of T cell function in the inflamed liver. Interestingly, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aicda, termed AID in humans), which reportedly suppresses HBV infection in vitro, was upregulated in hepatocytes in the course of anti-HBV immunity. Hepatocytic expression of Aicda in a Tnf-dependent manner was confirmed by the administration of Tnf antagonist into Aicda-tdTomato mice with anti-HBV immunity. Our findings suggest that activation of Tnf-Aicda axis and co-inhibitory signals to T cells in coordination with Th1-type immunity has critical roles in the immune response against HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tadashi Inuzuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Soo Ki Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, 653-0801, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kurosaki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability (Shishu-Kan), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8306, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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17
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Shi Y, Zhao X, Durkin L, Rogers HJ, Hsi ED. Aberrant activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression in Philadelphia chromosome-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hum Pathol 2016; 52:173-8. [PMID: 26980048 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is expressed in germinal center B cells and plays a critical role in somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes. Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) carries a poor prognosis and is specifically treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Interestingly, AID has been shown to be aberrantly expressed and functional in Ph+ ALL and is thought to contribute to genetic instability. We hypothesized that AID might be detectable in routinely processed bone marrow biopsies by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and assist in identifying Ph+ ALL. We found that AID was expressed in 26 (70%) of 37 cases of Ph+ ALL but only 1 (2.9%) of 38 cases of Ph- ALL cases. There was a significant difference in AID expression between these 2 ALL groups (P < .001, Fisher exact test). The expression of AID was confirmed by RT-PCR (reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) and correlated with IHC scoring. AID protein is expressed in a large proportion of Ph+ ALL cases at levels detectable by IHC in clinical samples and might be useful to rapidly identify cases likely to have a BCR/ABL1 fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, L-11, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195.
| | - Xiaoxian Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, L-11, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195.
| | - Lisa Durkin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, L-11, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195.
| | - Heesun Joyce Rogers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, L-11, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195.
| | - Eric D Hsi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, L-11, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195.
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18
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Ouadani H, Ben-Mustapha I, Ben-ali M, Ben-khemis L, Larguèche B, Boussoffara R, Maalej S, Fetni I, Hassayoun S, Mahfoudh A, Mellouli F, Yalaoui S, Masmoudi H, Bejaoui M, Barbouche MR. Novel and recurrent AID mutations underlie prevalent autosomal recessive form of HIGM in consanguineous patients. Immunogenetics 2015; 68:19-28. [PMID: 26545377 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin class switch recombination deficiencies (Ig-CSR-D) are characterized by normal or elevated serum IgM level and absence of IgG, IgA, and IgE. Most reported cases are due to X-linked CD40L deficiency. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase deficiency is the most frequent autosomal recessive form, whereas CD40 deficiency is more rare. Herein, we present the first North African study on hyper IgM (HIGM) syndrome including 16 Tunisian patients. Phenotypic and genetic studies allowed us to determine their molecular basis. Three CD40LG mutations have been identified including two novels (c.348_351dup and c.782_*2del) and one already reported mutation (g.6182G>A). No mutation has been found in another patient despite the lack of CD40L expression. Interestingly, three AICDA mutations have been identified in 11 patients. Two mutations were novel (c.91T>C and c.389A>C found in one and five patients respectively), and one previously reported splicing mutation (c.156+1T>G) was found in five patients. Only one CD40-deficient patient, bearing a novel mutation (c.109T>G), has been identified. Thus, unlike previous reports, AID deficiency is the most frequent underlying molecular basis (68%) of Ig-CSR-D in Tunisian patients. This finding and the presence of specific recurrent mutations are probably due to the critical role played by inbreeding in North African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanen Ouadani
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis and University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ben-Mustapha
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis and University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Ben-ali
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis and University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Leila Ben-khemis
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis and University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Beya Larguèche
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis and University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Sonia Maalej
- Department of Pneumology "D", Abderahman Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Ilhem Fetni
- Department of Pediatrics, Mongi Slim Hospital, Marsa, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Fethi Mellouli
- Department of Pediatrics, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sadok Yalaoui
- Laboratory of Biology, Abderahman Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Masmoudi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Bejaoui
- Department of Pediatrics, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed-Ridha Barbouche
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis and University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
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19
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of an array of pathogenic autoantibodies, including high-affinity anti-dsDNA IgG antibodies, which play an important role in disease development and progression. Lupus preferentially affects women during their reproductive years. The pathogenesis of lupus is contributed by both genetic factors and epigenetic modifications that arise from exposure to the environment. Epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications and microRNAs (miRNAs), interact with genetic programs to regulate immune responses. Epigenetic modifications influence gene expression and modulate B cell functions, such as class-switch DNA recombination, somatic hypermutation and plasma cell differentiation, thereby informing the antibody response. Epigenetic dysregulation can result in aberrant antibody responses to exogenous antigens or self-antigens, such as chromatin, histones and dsDNA in lupus. miRNAs play key roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of most gene-regulatory pathways and regulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. In mice, dysregulation of miRNAs leads to aberrant immune responses and development of systemic autoimmunity. Altered miRNA expression has been reported in human autoimmune diseases, including lupus. The dysregulation of miRNAs in lupus could be the result of multiple environmental factors, such as sex hormones and viral or bacterial infection. Modulation of miRNA is a potential therapeutic strategy for lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, TX , USA
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20
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Kawamura K, Wada A, Wang JY, Li Q, Ishii A, Tsujimura H, Takagi T, Itami M, Tada Y, Tatsumi K, Shimada H, Hiroshima K, Tagawa M. Expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase is associated with a poor prognosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients treated with CHOP-based chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:27-36. [PMID: 26077666 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is involved in somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination processes in the antibody formation. The AID activity induces gene mutations and could be associated with transformation processes of B cells. Nevertheless, the relation between AID expression and the prognosis of B cell lymphoma patients remains uncharacterized. METHODS We examined expression levels of the AID gene in 89 lymph node specimens from lymphoma and non-lymphoma patients with Northern blot analysis and investigated an association with their survival. RESULTS The AID gene was preferentially expressed in B cell lymphoma in particular in diffuse large B cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. We confirmed AID protein expression in the mRNA-positive but not in the negative specimens with Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. Survival of the patients treated with cyclophosphamide-/doxorubicin-/vincristine-/prednisone-based chemotherapy demonstrated that the prognosis of diffuse large B cell patients was unfavorable in the mRNA-positive group compared with the negative group, and that AID expression levels were correlated with the poor prognosis. In contrast, AID expression was not linked with the prognosis of follicular lymphoma patients. CONCLUSIONS AID expression is a predictive marker for an unfavorable outcome in DLBCL patients treated with the chemotherapy.
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21
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Abstract
The immunoglobulin diversification processes of somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination critically rely on transcription-coupled targeting of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) to Ig loci in activated B lymphocytes. AID catalyzes deamination of cytidine deoxynucleotides on exposed single-stranded DNA. In addition to driving immunoglobulin diversity, promiscuous targeting of AID mutagenic activity poses a deleterious threat to genomic stability. Recent genome-wide studies have uncovered pervasive AID activity throughout the B cell genome. It is increasingly apparent that AID activity is frequently targeted to genomic loci undergoing early transcription termination where RNA exosome promotes the resolution of stalled transcription complexes via cotranscriptional RNA degradation mechanisms. Here, we review aspects and consequences of eukaryotic transcription that lead to early termination, RNA exosome recruitment, and ultimately targeting of AID mutagenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Pefanis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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22
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Correia C, Lee SH, Meng XW, Vincelette ND, Knorr KLB, Ding H, Nowakowski GS, Dai H, Kaufmann SH. Emerging understanding of Bcl-2 biology: Implications for neoplastic progression and treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1853:1658-71. [PMID: 25827952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2, the founding member of a family of apoptotic regulators, was initially identified as the protein product of a gene that is translocated and overexpressed in greater than 85% of follicular lymphomas (FLs). Thirty years later we now understand that anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members modulate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by binding and neutralizing the mitochondrial permeabilizers Bax and Bak as well as a variety of pro-apoptotic proteins, including the cellular stress sensors Bim, Bid, Puma, Bad, Bmf and Noxa. Despite extensive investigation of all of these proteins, important questions remain. For example, how Bax and Bak breach the outer mitochondrial membrane remains poorly understood. Likewise, how the functions of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members such as eponymous Bcl-2 are affected by phosphorylation or cancer-associated mutations has been incompletely defined. Finally, whether Bcl-2 family members can be successfully targeted for therapeutic advantage is only now being investigated in the clinic. Here we review recent advances in understanding Bcl-2 family biology and biochemistry that begin to address these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Correia
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - X Wei Meng
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nicole D Vincelette
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Katherine L B Knorr
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Husheng Ding
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Grzegorz S Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haiming Dai
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Frasca D, Diaz A, Blomberg BB. Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase and Switched Memory B Cells as Predictors of Effective In Vivo Responses to the Influenza Vaccine. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1343:107-14. [PMID: 26420712 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2963-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging impairs humoral immune responses, leading to increased frequency and severity of infectious diseases and reduced protective effects of vaccination. We have identified B-cell biomarkers that are reduced by aging and that can be used as predictive markers of the response of an individual to vaccination. The identification of these biomarkers will have an impact on the development of effective vaccines to protect the elderly from infections and other debilitating diseases.
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Qin CF, Li GC. Mammalian cell display technology coupling with AID induced SHM in vitro: an ideal approach to the production of therapeutic antibodies. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:380-6. [PMID: 25281392 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Traditional antibody production technology within non-mammalian cell expression systems has shown many unsatisfactory properties for the development of therapeutic antibodies. Nevertheless, mammalian cell display technology reaps the benefits of producing full-length all human antibodies. Together with the developed cytidine deaminase induced in vitro somatic hypermutation technology, mammalian cell display technology provides the opportunity to produce high affinity antibodies that might be ideal for therapeutic application. This review was concentrated on the development of the mammalian cell display technology as well as the activation-induced cytidine deaminase induced in vitro somatic hypermutation technology and their applications for the production of therapeutic antibodies.
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Benko AL, Olsen NJ, Kovacs WJ. Glucocorticoid inhibition of activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression in human B lymphocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:881-7. [PMID: 24239615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether glucocorticoids could modulate the expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA), the principal regulator of the processes of immunoglobulin gene somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in B lymphocytes. Treatment of human B cells with IL-4 and anti-CD40 antibody for 18-20h resulted in induction of expression of AICDA mRNA by over 10-fold. Dexamethasone at 10nM concentration inhibited AICDA induction by an average of 51.8% (p<0.0001). These effects of glucocorticoids were found to be dose dependent in the physiologic range and were reversible by co-treatment with a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. Human B cell viability and proliferation were unaltered by glucocorticoid treatment. These data demonstrate that physiologic concentrations of glucocorticoids can act on human B lymphocytes through glucocorticoid receptor-mediated mechanisms to diminish the expression of AICDA, a key regulator of humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Benko
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Nancy J Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - William J Kovacs
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
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Hennig C, Ilginus C, Boztug K, Skokowa J, Marodi L, Szaflarska A, Sass M, Pignata C, Kilic SS, Caragol I, Baumann U, Klein C, Welte K, Hansen G. High-content cytometry and transcriptomic biomarker profiling of human B-cell activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:172-80.e1-10. [PMID: 24012209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary antibody deficiencies represent the most prevalent, although very heterogeneous, group of inborn immunodeficiencies, with a puzzling complexity of cellular and molecular processes involved in disease pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study in detail the kinetics of CD40 ligand/IL-21-induced B-cell differentiation to define new biomarker sets for further research into primary antibody deficiencies. METHODS We applied high-content screening methods to monitor B-cell activation on the cellular (chip cytometry) and transcriptomic (RNA microarray) levels. RESULTS The complete activation process, including stepwise changes in protein and RNA expression patterns, entry into the cell cycle, proliferation and expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), DNA repair enzymes, and post-class-switch expression of IgA and IgG, was successfully monitored during in vitro differentiation. We identified a number of unknown pathways engaged during B-cell activation, such as CXCL9/CXCL10 secretion by B cells. Finally, we evaluated a deduced set of biomarkers on a group of 18 patients with putative or proved intrinsic B-cell defects recruited from the European Society for Immunodeficiencies database and successfully predicted 2 AID defects and 1 DNA repair defect. Complete absence of class-switched B cells was a sensitive predictor of AID deficiency and should be further evaluated as a diagnostic biomarker. CONCLUSION The biomarkers found in this study could be used to further study the complex process of B-cell activation and to understand conditions that lead to the development of primary antibody deficiencies.
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Galashevskaya A, Sarno A, Vågbø CB, Aas PA, Hagen L, Slupphaug G, Krokan HE. A robust, sensitive assay for genomic uracil determination by LC/MS/MS reveals lower levels than previously reported. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:699-706. [PMID: 23742752 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in understanding the origins of genomic uracil and its role in genome stability and host defense; however, the main question concerning the basal level of uracil in DNA remains disputed. Results from assays designed to quantify genomic uracil vary by almost three orders of magnitude. To address the issues leading to this inconsistency, we explored possible shortcomings with existing methods and developed a sensitive LC/MS/MS-based method for the absolute quantification of genomic 2'-deoxyuridine (dUrd). To this end, DNA was enzymatically hydrolyzed to 2'-deoxyribonucleosides and dUrd was purified in a preparative HPLC step and analyzed by LC/MS/MS. The standard curve was linear over four orders of magnitude with a quantification limit of 5 fmol dUrd. Control samples demonstrated high inter-experimental accuracy (94.3%) and precision (CV 9.7%). An alternative method that employed UNG2 to excise uracil from DNA for LC/MS/MS analysis gave similar results, but the intra-assay variability was significantly greater. We quantified genomic dUrd in Ung(+/+) and Ung(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human lymphoblastoid cell lines carrying UNG mutations. DNA-dUrd is 5-fold higher in Ung(-/-) than in Ung(+/+) fibroblasts and 11-fold higher in UNG2 dysfunctional than in UNG2 functional lymphoblastoid cells. We report approximately 400-600 dUrd per human or murine genome in repair-proficient cells, which is lower than results using other methods and suggests that genomic uracil levels may have previously been overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Galashevskaya
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway
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Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an enzyme that is predominantly expressed in germinal center B cells and plays a pivotal role in immunoglobulin class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation for antibody (Ab) maturation. These two genetic processes endow Abs with protective functions against a multitude of antigens (pathogens) during humoral immune responses. In B cells, AID expression is regulated at the level of either transcriptional activation on AID gene loci or post-transcriptional suppression of AID mRNA. Furthermore, AID stabilization and targeting are determined by post-translational modifications and interactions with other cellular/nuclear factors. On the other hand, aberrant expression of AID causes B cell leukemias and lymphomas, including Burkitt's lymphoma caused by c-myc/IgH translocation. AID is also ectopically expressed in T cells and non-immune cells, and triggers point mutations in relevant DNA loci, resulting in tumorigenesis. Here, I review the recent literatures on the function of AID, regulation of AID expression, stability and targeting in B cells, and AID-related tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Rae Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Korea
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Takeda Y, Yashima K, Hayashi A, Sasaki S, Kawaguchi K, Harada K, Murawaki Y, Ito H. Expression of AID, P53, and Mlh1 proteins in endoscopically resected differentiated-type early gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2012; 4:131-7. [PMID: 22737274 PMCID: PMC3382659 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v4.i6.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze the expression of the tumor-related proteins in differentiated-type early gastric carcinoma (DEGC) samples. METHODS Tumor specimens were obtained from 102 patients (75 males and 27 females) who had received an endoscopic tumor resection at Tottori University Hospital between 2007 and 2009. Ninety-one cancer samples corresponded to noninvasive or intramucosal carcinoma according to the Vienna classification system, and 11 samples were submucosal invasive carcinomas. All of the EGCs were histologically differentiated carcinomas. All patients were classified as having Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections by endoscopic atrophic changes or by testing seropositive for H. pylori IgG. All of the samples were histopathologically classified as either tubular or papillary adenocarcinoma according to their structure. The immunohistochemical staining was performed in a blinded manner with respect to the clinical information. Two independent observers evaluated protein expression. All data were statistically analyzed then. RESULTS The rates of aberrant activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression and P53 overexpression were both 34.3% in DEGCs. The expression of Mlh1 was lost in 18.6% of DEGCs. Aberrant AID expression was not significantly associated with P53 overexpression in DEGCs. However, AID expression was associated with the severity of mononuclear cell activity in the non-cancerous mucosa adjacent to the tumor (P = 0.064). The rate of P53 expression was significantly greater in flat or depressed tumors than in elevated tumors. The frequency of Mlh1 loss was significantly increased in distal tumors, elevated gross-type tumors, papillary histological-type tumors, and tumors with a severe degree of endoscopic atrophic gastritis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Aberrant AID expression, P53 overexpression, and the loss of Mlh1 were all associated with clinicopathological features and gastric mucosal alterations in DEGCs. The aberrant expression of AID protein may partly contribute to the induction of nuclear P53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takeda
- Yohei Takeda, Kazuo Yashima, Akihiro Hayashi, Shuji Sasaki, Koichiro Kawaguchi, Kenichi Harada, Yoshikazu Murawaki, Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishicho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
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