Mechanism of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in the treatment of heart failure

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF) is a global health problem characterized by impaired heart function. Cardiac remodeling and cell death contribute to the development of HF. Although treatments such as digoxin and angiotensin receptor blocker drugs have been used, their effectiveness in reducing mortality is uncertain. Researchers are exploring the use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC) exosomes (Exos) as a potential therapy for HF. These vesicles, secreted by cells, may aid in tissue repair and regulation of inflammation and immune responses. However, further investigation is needed to understand the specific role of these vesicles in HF treatment.

AIM

To investigate the mechanism of extracellular vesicles produced by ADMSC s in the treatment of HF.

METHODS

Exogenous surface markers of ADMSCs were found, and ADMSCs were cultured.

RESULTS

The identification of surface markers showed that the surface markers CD44 and CD29 of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were well expressed, while the surface markers CD45 and CD34 of ADSCs were negative, so the cultured cells were considered ADSCs. Western blotting detected the Exo surface marker protein, which expressed CD63 protein but did not express calnexin protein, indicating that ADSC-derived Exos were successfully extracted.

CONCLUSION

The secretion of MSCs from adipose tissue can increase ATP levels, block cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and enhance the heart function of animals susceptible to HF. The inhibition of Bax, caspase-3 and p53 protein expression may be related to this process.

Exosome/metformin-loaded self-healing conductive hydrogel rescues microvascular dysfunction and promotes chronic diabetic wound healing by inhibiting mitochondrial fission

Chronic diabetic wounds remain a globally recognized clinical challenge. They occur due to high concentrations of reactive oxygen species and vascular function disorders. A promising strategy for diabetic wound healing is the delivery of exosomes, comprising bioactive dressings. Metformin activates the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway, thereby improving angiogenesis in hyperglycemic states. However, multifunctional hydrogels loaded with drugs and bioactive substances synergistically promote wound repair has been rarely reported, and the mechanism of their combinatorial effect of exosome and metformin in wound healing remains unclear. Here, we engineered dual-loaded hydrogels possessing tissue adhesive, antioxidant, self-healing and electrical conductivity properties, wherein 4-armed SH-PEG cross-links with Ag⁺, which minimizes damage to the loaded goods and investigated their mechanism of promotion effect for wound repair. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes exhibiting good conductivity were also incorporated into the hydrogels to generate hydrogen bonds with the thiol group, creating a stable three-dimensional structure for exosome and metformin loading. The diabetic wound model of the present study suggests that the PEG/Ag/CNT-M + E hydrogel promotes wound healing by triggering cell proliferation and angiogenesis and relieving peritraumatic inflammation and vascular injury. The mechanism of the dual-loaded hydrogel involves reducing the level of reactive oxygen species by interfering with mitochondrial fission, thereby protecting F-actin homeostasis and alleviating microvascular dysfunction. Hence, we propose a drug-bioactive substance combination therapy and provide a potential mechanism for developing vascular function-associated strategies for treating chronic diabetic wounds.