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Jay N, McGlohon JE, Estrada DF. Interactions of human mitochondrial Ferredoxin 1 (Adrenodoxin) by NMR; modulation by cytochrome P450 substrate and by truncation of the C-terminal tail. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 249:112370. [PMID: 37734220 PMCID: PMC10798138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Human Ferredoxin 1, also referred to as Adrenodoxin (Adx), is the sole electron carrier supporting the function of all seven mitochondrial cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Adx utilizes conserved negatively charged residues along its α-helix3 to interact with either the proximal surface of CYP enzymes or the binding surface of Adrendodoxin Reductase (AdR). However, in the oxidized state, Adx assumes a monomer-homodimer equilibrium that requires the presence of its unstructured C-terminal tail. Crystallographic structures of full-length human Adx dimers indicate that part of the binding surface necessary for its interactions with CYPs or with AdR is partially occluded by the dimer interface. In this study, protein NMR spectroscopy was used to interrogate the interactions between full-length (2-124) or truncated monomeric (2-108) human Adx and human CYP24A1 (with and without its vitamin-D substrate) as well as interactions with AdR. Here, monomeric Adx induced a similar pattern of peak broadening as that induced by addition of CYP24A1 substrate, consistent with a 1:1 Adx:CYP interaction as the functional complex. Additionally, removal of the C-terminal tail appears to enhance the interaction with AdR, despite removal of some of the AdR contacts in the tail region. This finding was also supported by an NMR competition assay. These findings suggest that the Adx dimers do not undergo meaningful interactions with either CYP or AdR, but may instead be responsible for regulating access to monomeric Adx. These conclusions are discussed in the context of a revised model of the Adx electron shuttle mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Jay
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Janie E McGlohon
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Liu R, Pan Y, Wang N, Tang D, Urlacher VB, Li S. Comparative biochemical characterization of mammalian-derived CYP11A1s with cholesterol side-chain cleavage activities. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 229:106268. [PMID: 36764495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Steroid drugs, the second largest class of pharmaceuticals after antibiotics, have shown significant anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and endocrine-regulating effects. A group of cytochrome P450 enzymes, namely, CYP11A1 isoenzymes from different organisms are capable of converting cholesterol into pregnenolone, which is a pivotal reaction in both steroid metabolism and (bio)synthetic network of steroid products. However, the low activity of CYP11A1s greatly restricts the industrial application of these cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzymes. Herein, we investigate ten CYP11A1 enzymes of different origins and in vitro characterize two CYP11A1s with a relatively higher expression level from Capra hircus and Sus scrofa, together with the CYP11A1s from Homo sapiens and Bos taurus as references. Towards five selected sterol substrates with different side chain structures, S. scrofa CYP11A1 displays relatively higher activities. Through redox partners combination screening, we reveal the optimal redox partner pair of S. scrofa adrenodoxin and C. hircus adrenodoxin reductase. Moreover, the semi-rational mutagenesis for the active sites and substrate entrance channels of human and bovine CYP11A1s is performed based on comparative analysis of their crystal structures. The mutant mBtCYP11A1-Q377A derived from mature B. taurus CYP11A1 shows a 1.46 times higher activity than the wild type enzyme. These results not only demonstrate the tunability of the highly conserved CYP11A1 isoenzymes, but also lay a foundation for the following engineering efforts on these industrially relevant P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yunjun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Dandan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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Efimova VS, Isaeva LV, Rubtsov MA, Novikova LA. Analysis of In Vivo Activity of the Bovine Cholesterol Hydroxylase/Lyase System Proteins Expressed in Escherichia coli. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:261-73. [PMID: 30729436 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol hydroxylase/lyase (CHL) system, located in the mitochondria of the mammalian adrenal cortex cells, consists of cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1), adrenodoxin (Adx), and adrenodoxin reductase (AdR) and performs the first stage of the steroidogenesis: AdR and Adx enable the electron transfer between NADPH and cytochrome P450scc, and P450scc catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone. CHL system was reconstructed in Escherichia coli using the polycistronic plasmid pTrc99A/CHL. In E. coli cells, the recombinant proteins form the catalytically active system. CHL activity towards 22R-hydroxycholesterol was 4.0 ± 1.3 nmol pregnenolone/h per 1 mg homogenate protein. The alteration of the order of heterologous cDNAs in the expression cassette from AdR-Adx-P450scc to P450scc-Adx-AdR results in alteration of stoichiometric ratio P450scc/Adx/AdR from 1:1.45:4.2 to 1:1.67:0.98; the former ratio is more optimal for the functioning of the cytochrome P450scc. The application of modified cDNA of Adx (AdxS112W) does not increase the CHL activity; however, the introduction of the second copy of AdxS112W gene into the expression cassette increases both the expression level of АdxS112W and the CHL activity in comparison with P450scc/АdxS112W/AdR system. In vivo activity of the CHL system in bacteria is limited by the substrate uptake by bacterial cells: it varied in the range of 0.05-0.62 mg pregnenolone/l resting cell suspension per 1-day cultivation, depending on the type and concentration of permeabilizing agents in the medium. The obtained results contribute to the knowledge of CHL system functioning in living bacteria.
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Kharechkina ES, Nikiforova AB, Kruglov AG. Pyridine nucleotides regulate the superoxide anion flash upon permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes: An MCLA-based study. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:473-483. [PMID: 29966697 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes via permeability transition pore opening or by the pore-forming peptide alamethicin causes a flash of superoxide anion (SA) and hydrogen peroxide production and the inhibition of matrix aconitase. It was shown using the SA probe 3,7-dihydro-2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazol[1,2-a]pyrazine-3-one (MCLA) that the substrates of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, inhibitors of the respiratory chain, and NAD(P)H at millimolar concentrations suppressed or delayed SA flashes. In the presence of added NADH and NADPH, SA flashes were observed only after considerable oxidation of pyridine nucleotides. The production of SA was maximal at NADPH and NADH redox potentials from -315 to -295 mV and from -325 to -270 mV, respectively, depending on NAD(P)H concentration. SA generation supported by NADPH was severalfold greater than that supported by NADH. In intact mitochondria, NADPH- and NADH-dependent SA generation was negligible. Respiratory substrates at physiological or lower concentrations were incapable of suppressing the NADPH-supported SA flash. These data indicate that, in conditions close to pathophysiological, matrix NADPH oxidoreductase(s), presumably, an adrenodoxin reductase in complex with adrenodoxin, can essentially contribute to SA flashes associated with transient or irreversible permeability transition pore opening or membrane permeabilization by another mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S Kharechkina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Anna B Nikiforova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Alexey G Kruglov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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Efimova VS, Isaeva LV, Makeeva DS, Rubtsov MA, Novikova LA. Expression of Cholesterol Hydroxylase/Lyase System Proteins in Yeast S. cerevisiae Cells as a Self-Processing Polyprotein. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 59:394-406. [PMID: 28799023 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
2A peptide discovered in Picornaviridae is capable of self-cleavage providing an opportunity to carry out synthesis of several proteins using one transcript. Dissociation in the 2A sequence during translation leads to the individual proteins formation. We constructed cDNA including genes of the bovine cholesterol hydroxylase/lyase (CHL) system proteins-cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1), adrenodoxin (Adx) and adrenodoxin reductase (AdR), that are fused into a single ORF using FMDV 2A nucleotide sequences. The constructed vectors direct the expression of cDNA encoding polyprotein P450scc-2A-Adx-2A-AdR (CHL-2A) in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The induced bacterial cells exhibit a high level of CHL-2A expression, but polyprotein is not cleaved at the FMDV sites. In yeast S. cerevisiae, the discrete proteins P450scc-2A, Adx-2A and AdR are expressed. Moreover, a significant proportion of AdR and Adx is present in a fusion Adx-2A-AdR. Thus, the first 2A linker provides an efficient cleavage of the polyprotein, while the second 2A linker demonstrates lower efficiency. Cholesterol hydroxylase/lyase activity registered in the recombinant yeast cell homogenate indicates that the catalytically active CHL system is present in these cells. Consequently, for the first time the mammalian system of cytochrome P450 has been successfully reconstructed in yeast cells through expressing the self-processing polyprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera S Efimova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, Moscow, Russia, 119234. .,LIA 1066 French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Villejuif, France. .,LIA 1066 French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ludmila V Isaeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Desislava S Makeeva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Rubtsov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, Moscow, Russia, 119234.,LIA 1066 French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Villejuif, France.,Department of Biochemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Strategic Management Department, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,LIA 1066 French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila A Novikova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Linares CI, Ferrín G, Aguilar-Melero P, González-Rubio S, Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Sánchez-Aragó M, Chicano-Gálvez E, Cuezva JM, Montero-Álvarez JL, Muntané J, de la Mata M. Sensitivity to anti-Fas is independent of increased cathepsin D activity and adrenodoxin reductase expression occurring in NOS-3 overexpressing HepG2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1853:1182-94. [PMID: 25712867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Stable overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS-3) in HepG2 cells (4TO-NOS) leads to increased nitro-oxidative stress and upregulation of the cell death mediators p53 and Fas. Thus, NOS-3 overexpression has been suggested as a useful antiproliferative mechanism in hepatocarcinoma cells. We aimed to identify the underlying mechanism of cell death induced by NOS-3 overexpression at basal conditions and with anti-Fas treatment. The intracellular localization of NOS-3, the nitro-oxidative stress and the mitochondrial activity were analysed. In addition, the protein expression profile in 4TO-NOS was screened for differentially expressed proteins potentially involved in the induction of apoptosis. NOS-3 localization in the mitochondrial outer membrane was not associated with changes in the respiratory cellular capacity, but was related to the mitochondrial biogenesis increase and with a higher protein expression of mitochondrial complex IV. Nitro-oxidative stress and cell death in NOS-3 overexpressing cells occurred with the expression increase of pro-apoptotic genes and a higher expression/activity of the enzymes adrenodoxin reductase mitochondrial (AR) and cathepsin D (CatD). CatD overexpression in 4TO-NOS was related to the apoptosis induction independently of its catalytic activity. In addition, CatD activity inhibition by pepstatin A was not effective in blocking apoptosis induced by anti-Fas. In summary, NOS-3 overexpression resulted in an increased sensitivity to anti-Fas induced cell death, independently of AR expression and CatD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara I Linares
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gustavo Ferrín
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Patricia Aguilar-Melero
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sandra González-Rubio
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Perálvarez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Aragó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Servero Ochoa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Centro de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Chicano-Gálvez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Servero Ochoa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Centro de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Montero-Álvarez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel de la Mata
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
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