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Wattanarat O, Nirunsittirat A, Piwat S, Manmontri C, Teanpaisan R, Pahumunto N, Makeudom A, Sastraruji T, Krisanaprakornkit S. Significant elevation of salivary human neutrophil peptides 1-3 levels by probiotic milk in preschool children with severe early childhood caries: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:2891-2903. [PMID: 33001255 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine salivary human neutrophil peptides 1-3 (HNP1-3) levels in caries-free preschool children and in those with early childhood caries (ECC) or severe-ECC, in a daily probiotic group, receiving reconstituted milk with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei SD1 once daily; a triweekly probiotic group, receiving the probiotic milk 3 days a week; and a placebo group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oral examination and unstimulated whole saliva collection were conducted in 354 children at baseline, 6 months after intervention (T6), and after probiotic discontinuation (T12). Of the 354, adequate volume of saliva samples from 268 children were simultaneously analyzed for Streptococcus mutans and total lactobacilli levels using qPCR and for HNP1-3 levels using ELISA. RESULTS In the severe-ECC status, significant increases in the median HNP1-3 levels at T12 were found in both daily and triweekly probiotic groups (p < 0.001). The median S. mutans levels in the daily group were significantly decreased at T6 and T12 (p < 0.01), whereas the median total lactobacilli levels were significantly increased at T6 (p < 0.001). Significantly inverse correlations between altered HNP1-3 and S. mutans levels and significant decreases in caries progression were found in both probiotic groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In the severe-ECC status, daily or triweekly consumption of L. paracasei SD1 significantly enhanced salivary HNP1-3 levels, but reduced S. mutans levels, possibly resulting in reduction of caries progression. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Significant enhancement of salivary HNP1-3 levels by probiotic consumption is associated with reduction in S. mutans levels, consistent with diminished caries progression in children with severe-ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onnida Wattanarat
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Areerat Nirunsittirat
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Division of Community Dentistry, Department of Family and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Supatcharin Piwat
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.,Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Chanika Manmontri
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Rawee Teanpaisan
- Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Nuntiya Pahumunto
- Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Anupong Makeudom
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Thanapat Sastraruji
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. .,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Kaur A, Chabba SK, Kaur UJ, Kaur A, Preet S, Rishi P. Management of Staphylococcus Mediated Systemic Infection by Enhancing the Resurging Activity of Co-trimoxazole in Presence of Cryptdin-2. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 57:438-447. [PMID: 29151645 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resurgence of sensitivity of the antibiotics, to which the pathogen had developed resistance in the past, requires special attention for strengthening the reservoir of antimicrobial compounds. Reports in the recent past have suggested that co-trimoxazole (COT) has regained its activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The present study exploited the use of COT in the presence of an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), cryptdin-2 (a murine Paneth cell alpha defensin), in order to reduce the selective pressure of the antibiotic on the pathogen. In vitro antibacterial activity and in vivo efficacy of the combination was ascertained against MRSA induced systemic infection using a murine model. Observations of the present study might help in restoring the regained activity of conventional antibiotics, such as COT, when used in combination with novel antimicrobial molecules like AMPs. This might prove as a viable strategy to eliminate the chances of re-occurrence of resistance due to their multi-prong targeting and synergistically combating infections caused by these resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Block-1, Panjab University, Sector-25, South Campus, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Chabba
- Department of Pathology, MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital, NH4, Dandupalya, Kolathur Post, Hoskote, Bangalore, India
| | - Ujjwal Jit Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Block-1, Panjab University, Sector-25, South Campus, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arashdeep Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Block-1, Panjab University, Sector-25, South Campus, Chandigarh, India
| | - Simran Preet
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block-2, Panjab University, Sector-25, South Campus, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Block-1, Panjab University, Sector-25, South Campus, Chandigarh, India
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Subramanian K, Bergman P, Henriques-Normark B. Vitamin D Promotes Pneumococcal Killing and Modulates Inflammatory Responses in Primary Human Neutrophils. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:375-386. [PMID: 28241127 DOI: 10.1159/000455969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen and a leading cause of pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis worldwide. Despite clinical studies linking vitamin D deficiency and pneumonia, molecular mechanisms behind these observations remain unclear. In particular, the effects of vitamin D on neutrophil responses remain unknown. Using pneumococcal strains, primary neutrophils isolated from human blood, and sera from patients with frequent respiratory tract infections (RTIs), we investigated the effects of vitamin D on neutrophil bactericidal and inflammatory responses, including pattern recognition receptors, antimicrobial peptides, and cytokine regulation. We found that vitamin D upregulated pattern recognition receptors, TLR2, and NOD2, and induced the antimicrobial human neutrophil peptides (HNP1-3) and LL-37, resulting in increased killing of pneumococci in a vitamin D receptor-dependent manner. Antibodies targeting HNP1-3 inhibited bacterial killing. Vitamin D supplementation of serum from patients with bacterial RTIs enhanced neutrophil killing. Moreover, vitamin D lowered inflammatory cytokine production by infected neutrophils via IL-4 production and the induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins SOCS-1 and SOCS-3, leading to the suppression of NF-κB signaling. Thus, vitamin D enhances neutrophil killing of S. pneumoniae while dampening excessive inflammatory responses and apoptosis, suggesting that vitamin D could be used alongside antibiotics when treating pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dolińska E, Skurska A, Pietruska M, Dymicka-Piekarska V, Milewski R, Pietruski J, Sculean A. The Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on HNP1-3 Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Chronic Periodontitis Patients. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:355-361. [PMID: 28204842 PMCID: PMC5511316 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rich bacterial flora of oral cavity is controlled by innate immune response, including antibacterial peptides and among them human neutrophil peptides 1–3 (HNP1-3). The knowledge of the involvement of HNPs in innate and acquired immunity of the periodontium is fragmentary. The aim of the study was to assess alterations in HNP1-3 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis patients before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Nineteen patients with chronic periodontitis were qualified to the study. After periodontal examination, one site with pocket depth (PD) ≥4 mm was selected. All the patients received periodontal treatment involving scaling and root planing with additional systemic antibiotic therapy (Amoxicillin 375 mg three times daily and Metronidazole 250 mg three times daily for 7 days). Prior to therapy, 3 and 6 months after it, clinical periodontal parameters were measured and GCF was collected from previously chosen site. The level of HNP1-3 in GCF was determined by means of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassay kit. The periodontal therapy caused a statistically significant (p < 0.001) decrease in all the assessed clinical parameters at the sites of sample collection except for bleeding on probing. The level of HNP1-3 per measure point showed a statistically significant increase (baseline—3 months: p = 0.05, baseline—6 months: p = 0.007). Within the limits of the study, it can be stated that nonsurgical periodontal therapy with additional systemic administration of Amoxicillin and Metronidazole increases the level of HNP1-3 in GCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dolińska
- Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Skurska
- Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269, Białystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pietruska
- Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269, Białystok, Poland.,Private Practice, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Robert Milewski
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) were discovered as abundant antimicrobial peptides of azurophil granules. Later studies revealed that most HNPs were produced by myelocytes and metamyelocytes and secreted into the bone marrow plasma as the inert proforms, proHNPs. Despite the vast amounts of proHNPs released into bone marrow plasma, little has been done to characterize these. Numerous studies have investigated HNPs in plasma, linking them to a variety of diseases, but without distinguishing between HNPs and their proforms. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used an antibody with specificity against the propiece of proHNPs to investigate proHNPs in plasma and tissue. RESULTS In contrast to previous studies using HNP antibodies, we found proHNPs to be many-fold more abundant than HNPs in plasma with a mean concentration of 2 μg/mL. The concentration was substantially higher in bone marrow plasma in accordance with the bone marrow being the site of origin of plasma proHNPs. ProHNPs were not bound to high molecular weight plasma proteins. Accordingly, proHNPs were filtered in the kidneys and resorbed in the proximal tubules. CONCLUSIONS Most HNPs in plasma are in fact proHNPs, which is important given the differences in their origin and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Glenthøj
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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