First report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf yellow spot on Heteropanax fragrans in China

Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb.) Seem is a common garden landscape tree in China. In December 2020, a leaf disease on H. fragrans was observed in a 2 ha field in Zhanjiang (20.85° N, 109.28° E), Guangdong province, China. Early symptoms were small yellow spots on leaves. Later, the spots gradually expanded and turned into necrotic tissues with a clear yellow halo and a white center. The disease incidence on plants was 100%. Twenty diseased leaves were collected from the field. The margin of the diseased tissues was cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces, surface disinfected with 75% ethanol and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 30 and 60 s, respectively, and rinsed thrice with sterile water before isolation. The tissues were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28 ℃. After 2-day incubation, grayish fungal colonies appeared on the PDA, then pure cultures were produced by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Single-spore isolation method was used to recover pure cultures for three isolates (HFA-1, HFA-2, and HFA-3). The colonies first produced a light-grayish aerial mycelia, which turned dark grayish upon maturity. Conidiophores were branched. Conidia numbered from two to four in chains, were dark brown, ovoid, or ellipsoid and mostly beakless; had 1-4 transverse and 0-3 longitudinal septa; measured within 7.2-17.8 (average = 10.2) × 2.5-7.5 (average = 4.3) µm (n = 30). Molecular identification was performed using the colony polymerase chain reaction method with MightyAmp DNA Polymerase (Takara-Bio, Dalian, China) (Lu et al. 2012) to amplify the large subunit (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor (TEF) , and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) with NL1/LR3, ITS1/ITS4, EF-1α-F/EF-1α-R, and GDF1/GDR1 (Walther et al. 2013;Woudenberg et al. 2015; Nishikawa and Nakashima. 2020). Amplicons of the isolates were sequenced and submitted to GenBank (LSU, ON088978-ON088980; ITS, MW629797, ON417005 and ON417006; TEF, MW654167, ON497264,and ON497265;GAPDH, MW654166, ON497262,and ON497263). The obtained sequences were 100% identical with those of Alternaria alternata strain CBS 102600 upon BLAST analysis . The sequences were also concatenated for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. The isolates clustered with A. alternata (CBS 102600, CBS 102598, CBS 118814, CBS 918.96,CBS 106.24, CBS 119543, CBS 916.96). The fungus associated with leaf yellow spot on H. fragrans was thus identified as A. alternata. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in a greenhouse at 24 ℃-30 ℃ with 80% relative humidity. Individual plants were grown in pots (n = 5, 1 month old). The unwounded leaflets were inoculated with 5 mm-diameter mycelial plugs of the isolates or agar plugs (as control). The test was performed thrice. Disease symptoms were found on the leaves after 7 days, whereas the controls remained healthy. The pathogen was re-isolated from infected leaves and phenotypically identical to the original isolates to fulfill Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this report is the first one on A. alternata causing leaf yellow spot on H. fragrans. Thus, this work provides an important reference for the control of this disease in the future.

First report of Alternaria alternata causing brown leaf spot on wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) in China

Oryza rufipogon Griff is a wild rice germplasm that might contain genes valuable for rice breeding. In May to June 2019, a leaf disease on wild rice (O. rufipogon cv. 'Haihong-12') was observed in a 3.3 ha field in Zhanjiang (20.93° N, 109.79° E), Guangdong, China. Early symptoms were yellow spots from the tip of leaves. Later, the spots gradually expanded downward the entire leaf to turn brown in turn. Symptoms were found in the tillering to the grain-filling stages (Supplementary Figure 1). The disease incidence on plants was between 10% and 40%. Twenty diseased leaves were collected from the field. The margin of the diseased tissues was cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces, surface-disinfected with 75% ethanol and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 30 s and 60 s, respectively, and rinsed three times with sterile water before isolation. The tissues were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28 °C. After 5-day incubation, grayish fungal colonies appeared on PDA. Single-spore isolation method was used to recover pure cultures for three isolates (Aas-1, Aas-2, and Aas-3). The colonies first produced light-grayish aerial mycelia, which turned dark grayish upon maturity. Conidiophores were branched. Conidia were two to four in chains, dark brown, ovoid or ellipsoid, and mostly beakless; had one to four transverse and zero to three longitudinal septa; and measured within 7.0-18.5 (average = 12.5) × 3.0-8.8 (average = 4.5) μm (n = 30). Morphological characteristics of the isolates were consistent with the description of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler (Simmons 2007). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, partial RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB2) gene, translation elongation factor, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4, RPB2-6F/RPB2-7R, EF-1α-F/EF-1α-R, and GDF1/GDR1, respectively (Woudenberg et al. 2015). Amplicons were sequenced and submitted to GenBank (accession nos. MW042179 to MW042181, MW090034 to MW090036, MW090046 to MW090048, and MW091450 to MW091452, respectively). The sequences of the three isolates were 100% identical (ITS, 570/570 bp; RPB2, 1006/1006 bp; TEF, 254/254 bp and GADPH, 587/587 bp) with those of CBS 479.90 (accession nos. KP124319, KP124787, KP125095, and KP124174) through BLAST analysis. The sequences were also concatenated for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. The isolates clustered with A. alternata CBS 479.90 (Supplementary Figure 2). The fungus associated with brown leaf spot on wild rice was thus identified as A. alternata. Pathogenicity tests were done in a greenhouse at 24 °C-30 °C with 80% relative humidity. Individual rice plants (cv. 'Haihong-12') with three leaves were grown in 10 pots, with around 50 plants per pot. Five pots were inoculated by spraying a spore suspension (105 spores/mL) onto leaves until runoff occurred, and another five pots were sprayed with sterile water to serve as controls. The test was done three times. Disease symptoms were found on the leaves after 7 days. The tips of the leaves turned yellow and spread downward. Then, the whole leaf turned brown and dried out, but the controls stayed healthy. The pathogen was re-isolated from infected leaves and phenotypically identical to the original isolate Aas-1 to fulfill Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this report is the first one on A. alternata causing brown leaf spot on wild rice (O. rufipogon). The pathogen has the potential to reduce wild rice yields and future breeding should consider resistance to this pathogen.