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Giraldi L, Heerfordt IM, Windfeld-Mathiasen J, Dalhoff KP, Andersen JT, Horwitz H. Extensive androgen exposure and meningioma risk - A matched cohort study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 239:108217. [PMID: 38452714 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Meningiomas frequently occur within the field of neuro-oncology, but it is unclear whether exogenous or imbalanced endogenous hormones are involved in the pathophysiology. A previous case-control study found an almost 20-fold increase in the risk of developing meningioma among users of androgenic anabolic steroids. We, therefore, investigated this hypothesis. METHODS We compared the incidence rate of meningioma in a cohort of males sanctioned for the use of androgenic anabolic steroids with age- and sex-matched controls with an identical enrollment date. RESULTS We followed 1189 males sanctioned for using androgenic anabolic steroids for a total of 13,305 person-years and found 0 cases of meningioma. The control cohort of 59,450 males was followed for a total of 654,938 person-years, and 16 were diagnosed with meningioma. Thus, the incidence rate ratio was 0 (95% CI: 0-12.8). CONCLUSION We did not find any evidence supporting the hypothesis of an increased risk of meningioma development with the use of androgenic anabolic steroids. Due to the limited sample size, we cannot exclude androgenic anabolic steroids as a potential risk factor for meningioma development, despite the lack of apparent evidence in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giraldi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida M Heerfordt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Kim Peder Dalhoff
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Trærup Andersen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Horwitz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Karila D, Kerlan V, Christin-Maitre S. Androgenic steroid excess in women. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2024; 85:142-149. [PMID: 38040089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Excessive use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) in sport occurs among professional athletes but increasingly also in amateurs. Prevalence of steroid use has been on the rise for a number of years. While the practice involves mostly men, it also occurs in women with an estimated prevalence of 1.6%. Since 2014, a 'steroid passport' has operated for sports people in competition that is based on longitudinal urinary and blood steroid levels, measured by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Androgen excess stimulates muscle growth and improves muscle performance. However, their consumption carries numerous side effects, including myocardial hypertrophy; altered lipid metabolism and pro-thrombotic effects. The excess of AAS is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Data for their effects in women is lacking. Perturbations of the menstrual cycle are common in female athletes, with spaniomenorrhea and even amenorrhea. This can be a consequence of gonadotropin insufficiency due to negative caloric balance, but may also be due to endogenous or exogenous hyperandrogenism. The use of AAS is probably underestimated as a public health issue, particularly in women, and thus presents a prevention challenge for healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Karila
- Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie et médecine de la reproduction, hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France; Sorbonne université, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Véronique Kerlan
- Service d'endocrinologie, hôpital de Brest, université de Bretagne-Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Sophie Christin-Maitre
- Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie et médecine de la reproduction, hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France; Sorbonne université, 75006 Paris, France
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3
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Karp J, Jayaram PR, Walsh J, Walstra FE, Mallinson PI. An uncommon lymphoma mimic: lipogranulomas. Skeletal Radiol 2020; 49:2069-2072. [PMID: 32524166 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-020-03502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A lipogranuloma is a complication of injecting exogenous oily composites, forming a nodule composed of foreign body histiocytes. These may be seen in the setting of use of anabolic steroids. We present a case of a 52-year-old male with rapidly growing intramuscular masses with accompanying lymphadenopathy and constitutional symptoms. A diagnosis of lymphoma was initially made in view of the multifocal nature of his disease. CT and PET/CT scans were used to profile the extent of disease. However, US-guided biopsy samples demonstrated acute-on-chronic fibro-inflammatory connective tissue, but no evidence of malignancy. A follow-up CT scan showed resolution of most of these masses. Subsequently, a history of self-injected anabolic steroids was obtained. Familiarity of imaging characteristics of lipogranuloma may be helpful in avoiding the pitfall of misdiagnosis in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Karp
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.
| | | | - John Walsh
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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Laktsevich-Iskryk MV, Rudovich AS, Zhabinskii VN, Khripach VA, Hurski AL. A photochemical approach to 18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methylandrost-13-ene steroids. Steroids 2020; 159:108652. [PMID: 32360417 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A photochemical approach to 18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methylandrost-13-ene unit of the long-term metabolites of 17-methylated androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) is reported. It is based on a visible light-promoted radical decarboxylative alkynylation of steroidal redox-active ester. The developed method was used in synthesis of the long-term metabolite of AAS oxymesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marharyta V Laktsevich-Iskryk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anton S Rudovich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir N Zhabinskii
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Vladimir A Khripach
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Alaksiej L Hurski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
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5
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Bonny-Noach H, Berkovitz R, Shapira B. Evaluation of performance-enhancing drugs seized by Israeli enforcement agencies 2012-2017: implications for policy and regulatory change. Isr J Health Policy Res 2020; 9:14. [PMID: 32362275 PMCID: PMC7197109 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-020-00369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Illicit performance-enhancing substances are used mostly by athletes to enhance performance in sports, and by bodybuilders to gain muscle and body mass. Among performance-enhancing substances, the most common and known substances are anabolic-androgenic steroids, which are associated with a range of short and long-term adverse medical and psychiatric effects. While the sale and distribution of performance-enhancing substances are considered criminal offenses per the Israeli local pharmacy ordinance, the use and personal possession of these substances are not. Presently, the Division of Enforcement and Inspection of the Israel Ministry of Health cooperates with police and customs agents in performance-enhancing substance-related enforcement activities, which chiefly include seizures carried out at suspicious sites. Moreover, the Division of Enforcement and Inspection provides professional guidance, lab analysis services, and expert opinions on the toxicological and pharmaceutical nature of products seized. This paper presents a contemporary sub-analysis of registered seizures of performance-enhancing substances carried-out by Israel enforcement agencies. The main aim of this analysis is to characterize current patterns of performance-enhancing substances, thus providing the possibility of better assessment of current enforcement and health policy. Methods A sub-analysis of 712 seizures of performance-enhancing substances seized by Israeli enforcement authorities during a six-year period ranging from January 2012 to December 2017. Results This study demonstrates that Israel faces a challenge regarding the importation and distribution of illicit performance-enhancing substances. The most common substances seized were anabolic androgenic steroids (N = 539). Most seizures were carried out in the central mail processing sites, (38.4%), followed by seizures in private premises such as homes and warehouses (29.6%). Significant differences were found between anabolic-androgenic steroids and other substances, relating to place and year of seizure. Among seizures with known sources (N = 355), the most frequent geographic region given as the source of substances was Eastern Europe (47.6%), followed by East Asia (24.8%), West Asia (19.4%), and Western Europe (5.9%). Bulgaria was the country with the highest frequency of seizures (N = 71) followed by Jordan (N = 45), Thailand (N = 37) and Moldova (N = 36). Significant regional differences were found based on the variables of gender, place of seizure, and type of substance. The most frequent month of seizures was August (N = 129), followed by July (N = 119), and June (N = 118). Conclusions While data analysis focused on the supply side of the performance-enhancing substances market, the high number of seizures of performance-enhancing substances in Israel represents evidence of the existence of a high demand and a large consumer base for these products. Consequently, there is a need for developing further enforcement, treatment, and prevention policies that do not currently exist in Israel. Policymakers should consider prioritizing law enforcement action and incentivizing intelligence sharing to monitor suspected shipment sources and specific points of entry. Additionally, the results demonstrate that there is a need in reforming the penal law to discourage the use of performance-enhancing substances. Similar measures have already been applied in countries like Spain, Italy, and Belgium. Furthermore, policy-makers should consider enhancing health ministry agencies with a higher enforcement capacity by giving them further investigative and inquiry authority. Due to the troubling magnitude of the phenomenon, policymakers should also prioritize educational and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Bonny-Noach
- The Department of Criminology, School of Social Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel. .,Israeli society of Addiction Medicine (ILSAM), Ramat-Gan, Israel. .,Israel National Anti-Doping Organization (ISR-NADO), Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ronny Berkovitz
- Israel National Anti-Doping Organization (ISR-NADO), Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Division of Enforcement and Inspection, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Barak Shapira
- Israel National Anti-Doping Organization (ISR-NADO), Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Division of Enforcement and Inspection, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
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Alharbi FF, Gamaleddin I, Alharbi SF, Almodayfer O, Allohidan F, Alghobain M, Arafah A, Al-Surimi K. Knowledge, attitudes and use of anabolic-androgenic steroids among male gym users: A community based survey in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 27:254-263. [PMID: 30766438 PMCID: PMC6362160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recreational use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is a growing worldwide public health concern. However, studies assessing the level of awareness and knowledge of its effects on health are fairly limited, especially in developing countries, including Saudi Arabia. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices among male gym members toward AAS in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) from March to October 2016. Twenty gyms were randomly selected from four different geographical regions (clusters) within Riyadh. In total, 482 participants responded to the self-administered anonymous questionnaire, which covered socio-demographic data, data assessing knowledge, attitude and behavior related to AAS use. The mean (±standard deviation) age of study participants was 27.2 (±6.9) years. Among these, 29.3% of participants reported having used AAS, while the majority (53.5%) reported hearing of AAS use, mostly through friends. Most study participants reported awareness of the effects of AAS on muscle mass, body weight and muscles strength (53.2%, 51.1% and 45.5%, respectively). In contrast, a higher proportion of study participants were unaware of the side-effects of AAS use. A high proportion of study participants (43.2%) reported that they had been offered AAS and 68.7% believed that AAS are easily accessible. Most of the gym users (90.1%) reported never having used any narcotics or psychoactive drugs. Regression analysis revealed that use of anabolic-androgenic steroids is significantly associated with “weight lifting practice” OR [95%CI] = 1.9[1.02 − 3.61], P = 0.044; “using supplementary vitamins, OR [95%CI] = 7.8[4.05 − 15.03], P < 0.0001, knowing anyone using anabolic-androgenic steroids’ OR [95%CI] = 7.5[3.78 − 14.10], P < 0.0001, and someone advised Gym users to take anabolic-androgenic steroids” OR [95%CI] = 2.26[1.23 − 4.14], P < 0.008. Our findings suggest that the level of awareness regarding the possible side-effects of AAS is fairly limited. Thus, efforts directed toward educating the public and limiting access to AAS as well as health policy reforms are crucial to reduce future negative implications of AAS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares F Alharbi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medicine, Mental Health Division, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Islam Gamaleddin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,General Directorate of Poison Control Centers, MOH, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar F Alharbi
- Pharmacy Department, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Almodayfer
- Department of Medicine, Mental Health Division, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Allohidan
- Department of Medicine, Mental Health Division, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alghobain
- Department of Medicine, Mental Health Division, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Arafah
- Department of Medicine, Mental Health Division, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Al-Surimi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Primary Care and Public Health Department, School of Public health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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7
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Saddick SY. The impact of nandrolone decanoate administration on ovarian and uterine tissues in rat: Luteinizing hormone profile, histopathological and morphometric assessment. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 25:507-512. [PMID: 29692652 PMCID: PMC5911639 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study had been conducted to evaluate the effects of nandrolone decanoate (abused repeated doses) on female rat's ovary and uterus during administration and withdrawal. The study included 18 rats that were divided into control group (n = 6) and treated group (n = 12). The treated group was injected intramuscular (IM) with nandrolone decanoate (7 mg/kg body weight) for three consecutive days, for two weeks. The study stated that nandrolone decanoate increases the weights of body, ovary, and uterus. Moreover, it has a tendency of bringing upon modifications in the biochemical, histopathological, and morphological makeup of the female reproductive aspects. In conclusion, nandrolone decanoate has been identified as deleterious element for the female rats, and it is suggested that keen observations must be made on the human abusers to control and manage the possible pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salina Y Saddick
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 23815, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Abstract
There has recently been renewed interest in novel clinical applications of the anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) testosterone and its synthetic derivatives, particularly given with the rising popularity of testosterone supplementation therapy (TST) for the treatment of male hypogonadism. In this manuscript, we provide a brief review of the history of AAS and discuss clinical applications of two of the more well-known AAS: nandrolone and oxandrolone. Both agents exhibit favorable myotrophic/androgenic ratios and have been investigated for effectiveness in numerous disease states. We also provide a brief synopsis of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) and postulate how these orally active, non-aromatizing, tissue-selective agents might be used in contemporary andrology. Currently, the applications of testosterone alternatives in hypogonadism are limited. However, it is tempting to speculate that these agents may one day become accepted as alternatives, or adjuncts, to the treatment of male hypogonadism.
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Cabb E, Baltar S, Powers DW, Mohan K, Martinez A, Pitts E. The Diagnosis and Manifestations of Liver Injury Secondary to Off-Label Androgenic Anabolic Steroid Use. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2016; 10:499-505. [PMID: 27721739 PMCID: PMC5043289 DOI: 10.1159/000448883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) presents as a broad spectrum of adverse drug reactions which can range from a mild elevation in liver enzymes to fulminant liver failure. The primary goal is to identify DILI early when the patient's liver enzymes are elevated and to discontinue the offending agent as soon as possible to prevent further injury. Herbal, dietary supplements and anabolic steroids represent a significant component of the drugs thought to cause DILI in the United States. Unlike all other drugs known to cause DILI, these drugs fall into a category of injury that is neither intrinsic nor idiosyncratic due to overlapping characteristics between the two. Here, we present a case of the off-label use of androgenic anabolic steroids inducing liver injury. A combination of clinical, laboratory, and histologic workup eventually led to the diagnosis of DILI. This can be a diagnostic challenge for practitioners. The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) published guidelines to aid the clinician in diagnosing DILI. Proving that an episode of liver injury is caused by a drug is difficult in many cases as it requires the exclusion of alternative etiologies. Some of the variables include temporal association, clinical-biochemical features, type of injury (hepatocellular and/or cholestatic), extrahepatic features, and the likelihood that a given agent is the culprit based on its known manifestations with prior cases. This case illustrates the utility of the diagnostic tools used for DILI as recommended by the ACG, along with a supplemental histopathologic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cabb
- Department of Graduate Medical Education, NSU-COM/Palmetto General Hospital, Hialeah, Fla., USA
| | - Shanna Baltar
- Department of Graduate Medical Education, NSU-COM/Palmetto General Hospital, Hialeah, Fla., USA
| | - David Wes Powers
- Gastroenterology Department, NSU-COM/Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, Fla., USA
| | - Karthik Mohan
- Gastroenterology Department, NSU-COM/Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, Fla., USA
| | - Antonio Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Palmetto General Hospital, Hialeah, Fla., USA
| | - Eric Pitts
- Department of Graduate Medical Education, NSU-COM/Palmetto General Hospital, Hialeah, Fla., USA
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Abstract
The use of non-prescribed anabolic agents amongst non-athletes is increasing with young, adult males with cystic fibrosis (CF) in the highest risk demographic. There is evidence that anabolic agents increase weight and muscle mass in adults with a variety of catabolic conditions but there is no evidence for their use in hormone sufficient adults with CF. We report a case of anabolic agent use in a male adult with CF and review the clinical features of anabolic agent use with a focus on adults with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Green
- Manchester Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, M23 9LT, England; Institution of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester.
| | - Peter J Barry
- Manchester Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, M23 9LT, England
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Manchester Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, M23 9LT, England; Institution of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester
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Galesio M, López-Fdez H, Reboiro-Jato M, Gómez-Meire S, Glez-Peña D, Fdez-Riverola F, Lodeiro C, Diniz ME, Capelo JL. Speeding up the screening of steroids in urine: development of a user-friendly library. Steroids 2013; 78:1226-32. [PMID: 24036418 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a novel database search engine - MLibrary - designed to assist the user in the detection and identification of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) and its metabolites by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and mass spectrometry-based strategies. The detection of the AAS in the samples was accomplished by searching (i) the mass spectrometric (MS) spectra against the library developed to identify possible positives and (ii) by comparison of the tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) spectra produced after fragmentation of the possible positives with a complete set of spectra that have previously been assigned to the software. The urinary screening for anabolic agents plays a major role in anti-doping laboratories as they represent the most abused drug class in sports. With the help of the MLibrary software application, the use of MALDI techniques for doping control is simplified and the time for evaluation and interpretation of the results is reduced. To do so, the search engine takes as input several MALDI-TOF-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS spectra. It aids the researcher in an automatic mode by identifying possible positives in a single MS analysis and then confirming their presence in tandem MS analysis by comparing the experimental tandem mass spectrometric data with the database. Furthermore, the search engine can, potentially, be further expanded to other compounds in addition to AASs. The applicability of the MLibrary tool is shown through the analysis of spiked urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galesio
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
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