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Yamashita MS, Melo EO. Animal Transgenesis and Cloning: Combined Development and Future Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2647:121-149. [PMID: 37041332 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3064-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The revolution in animal transgenesis began in 1981 and continues to become more efficient, cheaper, and faster to perform. New genome editing technologies, especially CRISPR-Cas9, are leading to a new era of genetically modified or edited organisms. Some researchers advocate this new era as the time of synthetic biology or re-engineering. Nonetheless, we are witnessing advances in high-throughput sequencing, artificial DNA synthesis, and design of artificial genomes at a fast pace. These advances in symbiosis with animal cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) allow the development of improved livestock, animal models of human disease, and heterologous production of bioproducts for medical applications. In the context of genetic engineering, SCNT remains a useful technology to generate animals from genetically modified cells. This chapter addresses these fast-developing technologies driving this biotechnological revolution and their association with animal cloning technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Yamashita
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Animal Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
- Graduation Program in Biotechnology, University of Tocantins, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
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Kashim MIAM, Hasim NA, Zin DMM, Amin L, Mokhtar MH, Shahimi S, Mutalib SA. Animal cloning and consumption of its by-products: A scientific and Islamic perspectives. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2995-3000. [PMID: 34025177 PMCID: PMC8117031 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Islam is a religion that inspires its followers to seek knowledge continually and nurtures innovation, within the realms of Islamic rulings, towards an ameliorated quality of life. Up-to-date biotechnological techniques, specifically animal cloning, are involved in advancing society's health, social, and economic domains. The goal of animal cloning includes the production of genetically modified animal for human consumption. Therefore, this research endeavoured to study animal cloning's current scientific findings, examine the by-product of said process, and determine its permissibility in an Islamic context. This study employed descriptive literature reviews. Results concluded that animal cloning, especially in mammals, does not occur naturally as in plants. A broadly trusted and efficient animal cloning method is known as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), which includes three principal steps: oocyte enucleation; implantation of donor cells (or nucleus); and the activation of the embryo. Nevertheless, the limitations of SCNT, particularly to the Large Offspring Syndrome (LOS), should be noted. One of the forms of the application of animal cloning is in agriculture. From an Islamic perspective, determining the permissibility of consuming cloned animals as food is essentially based on whether the cloned animal conforms to Islamic law's principles and criteria. Islam interdicts animal cloning when it is executed without benefiting humans, religion, or society. Nonetheless, if it is done to preserve the livelihood and the needs of a community, then the process is deemed necessary and should be administered following the conditions outlined in Islam. Hence, the Islamic ruling for animal cloning is not rigid and varies proportionately with the current fatwa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Izhar Ariff Mohd Kashim
- Center of Shariah, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Asmadayana Hasim
- Institute of Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Diani Mardiana Mat Zin
- PERMATA Insan College, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Latifah Amin
- Institute of Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Pusat Citra Universiti, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Helmy Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Safiyyah Shahimi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sahilah Abd. Mutalib
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract
Porcine cloning technology can be used to produce progenies genetically identical to the donor cells from high-quality breeding pigs. In addition, genetically modified pigs have been produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer using genetically modified porcine fetal fibroblasts. The method of preparing genetically modified pigs is critical for establishing pig models for human diseases, and for generating donor animals for future xenotransplantation. This chapter describes detailed procedures for generating cloned pigs using fetal fibroblasts as nuclear donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Jianyong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongye Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Veraguas D, Aguilera C, Echeverry D, Saez-Ruiz D, Castro FO, Rodriguez-Alvarez L. Embryo aggregation allows the production of kodkod (Leopardus guigna) blastocysts after interspecific SCNT. Theriogenology 2020; 158:148-157. [PMID: 32961350 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The kodkod (Leopardus guigna) is a small felid endemic of Chile and is considered a vulnerable species. Domestic cat oocytes have been successfully used as recipient cytoplast to reprogram somatic cells from different felids by interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT). The developmental competence of felid embryos generated by iSCNT can be improved by the aggregation method using a zona-free culture system. The objective of this research was to evaluate the developmental competence of kodkod embryos generated by iSCNT using domestic cat oocytes and the aggregation method. For this purpose, five experimental group were done: (1) cat embryos generated by IVF, (2) cat embryos generated by SCNT (Ca1x), (3) aggregated cat embryos generated by SCNT (Ca2x), (4) kodkod embryos generated by iSCNT (K1x) and (5) aggregated kodkod embryos generated by iSCNT (K2x). Cleavage, morulae and blastocyst rates were estimated. The blastocyst diameter was evaluated. The gene expression level of pluripotency (OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG) and differentiation markers (CDX2 and GATA6) was analyzed in blastocysts. Morulae rate was higher in the IVF group and when cloned embryos were cultured in aggregates (IVF: 68.2%, Ca2x: 58.0% and K2x: 62.4%) compared to individually cultured kodkod embryos (K1x: 37.0%) (P < 0.05). Embryo aggregation increased blastocysts formation in the Ca2x group (30.9%) to a similar rate compared to the IVF group (44.5%) (P > 0.05). No blastocysts were generated in the K1x group, whereas blastocysts formation was obtained in K2x group (5.9%). The diameter of blastocysts from the K2x group (172.8 μm) was significantly lower than blastocysts from the Ca2x group (P < 0.05). The relative expression of OCT4 was lower in blastocysts from Ca1x than in blastocysts from IVF (P < 0.05). Furthermore, CDX2 expression was lower in blastocysts from Ca2x than in blastocysts from Ca1x and IVF groups (P < 0.05). In kodkod embryos, only one blastocyst from the K2x group expressed OCT4. No expression of SOX2, NANOG, CDX2 and GATA6 was detected in kodkod blastocysts. In conclusion, after iSCNT, domestic cat oocytes support the development of kodkod embryos until the morula stage. The aggregation method increases the morulae rate of kodkod cloned embryos and allows blastocysts formation. However, kodkod blastocysts have a poor morphological quality and a lacking expression of pluripotency and differentiation markers, probably caused by an incomplete nuclear reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Veraguas
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Chillán, Chile
| | - Constanza Aguilera
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Chillán, Chile
| | - Diana Echeverry
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Chillán, Chile
| | - Darling Saez-Ruiz
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Chillán, Chile
| | - Fidel Ovidio Castro
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Chillán, Chile
| | - Lleretny Rodriguez-Alvarez
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Chillán, Chile.
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Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has shown a wide application in the generation of transgenic animals, protection of endangered animals, and therapeutic cloning. However, the efficiency of SCNT remains very low due to some poorly characterized key factors. Compared with fertilized embryos, somatic donor cells lack some important components of sperm, such as sperm small noncoding RNA (sncRNA) and proteins. Loss of these factors is considered an important reason for the abnormal development of SCNT embryo. This study focused on recent advances of SCNT and the roles of sperm in development. Sperm-derived factors play an important role in nucleus reprogramming and cytoskeleton remodeling during SCNT embryo development. Hence, considering the role of sperm may provide a new strategy for improving cloning efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Qu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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van der Berg JP, Kleter GA, Kok EJ. Regulation and safety considerations of somatic cell nuclear transfer-cloned farm animals and their offspring used for food production. Theriogenology 2019; 135:85-93. [PMID: 31203092 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This document discusses recent developments in cloning of husbandry animals through somatic cell nuclear transfer, particularly with a view on improvements in their efficacy. Commercial developments in North and South America, Australia-New Zealand, and China are noted. The regulations and safety aspects surrounding the use of clones and their offspring for the purpose of food production are discussed. It is generally considered that foods from offspring of clones are no different than similar foods from conventional animals, yet besides safety, also ethical and animal welfare considerations come into play at the policy level. The related topic of detection and traceability of clones is discussed, which covers both molecular and documentary methods.
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Selokar NL. Cloning of breeding buffalo bulls in India: Initiatives & challenges. Indian J Med Res 2019; 148:S120-S124. [PMID: 30964089 PMCID: PMC6469371 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2103_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The term animal cloning refers to an asexual mean of reproduction to produce genetically identical copies of any animal without the use of sperm. In India, the cloning of buffalo is well established and clones of the Murrah, the best dairy breed of buffalo, have been produced. The most acclaimed example is the restoration of progeny-tested breeding bull by isolating somatic cells from frozen doses of semen, which were stored for more than a decade in the semen bank. Buffalo bull cloning is considered the best available option to reproduce declared proven bulls and their semen would contribute to accomplishing the demand of ever-growing frozen semen, which is the prime requirement of conventional breeding. This article highlights the importance of buffalo bull cloning and its current status in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh L Selokar
- Division of Animal Physiology & Reproduction, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
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Takeda K. Mitochondrial DNA transmission and confounding mitochondrial influences in cloned cattle and pigs. Reprod Med Biol 2013; 12:47-55. [PMID: 29699130 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-012-0142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a powerful tool for production of cloned animals, SCNT embryos generally have low developmental competency and many abnormalities. The interaction between the donor nucleus and the enucleated ooplasm plays an important role in early embryonic development, but the underlying mechanisms that negatively impact developmental competency remain unclear. Mitochondria have a broad range of critical functions in cellular energy supply, cell signaling, and programmed cell death; thus, affect embryonic and fetal development. This review focuses on mitochondrial considerations influencing SCNT techniques in farm animals. Donor somatic cell mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be transmitted through what has been considered a "bottleneck" in mitochondrial genetics via the SCNT maternal lineage. This indicates that donor somatic cell mitochondria have a role in the reconstructed cytoplasm. However, foreign somatic cell mitochondria may affect the early development of SCNT embryos. Nuclear-mitochondrial interactions in interspecies/intergeneric SCNT (iSCNT) result in severe problems. A major biological selective pressure exists against survival of exogenous mtDNA in iSCNT. Yet, mtDNA differences in SCNT animals did not reflect transfer of proteomic components following proteomic analysis. Further study of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions is needed to illuminate key developmental characteristics of SCNT animals associated with mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Takeda
- NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization 2 Ikenodai 305-0901 Tsukuba Japan
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