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Saw CB, Battin F, Churilla T, Haggerty M, Peters CA. TEAM participation in the irradiation of IROC phantoms for cooperative group clinical trials. Med Dosim 2024:S0958-3947(24)00019-0. [PMID: 38735780 DOI: 10.1016/j.meddos.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The participation of radiation oncology team members in the irradiation of Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC) phantom for cooperative group clinical trials is essential to comply with the latest quality management philosophy. Medical dosimetrists are expected to develop treatment plans for the irradiation of IROC phantoms. For advanced treatment techniques, such as three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT), the irradiation of the IROC phantoms serves as quality audit. If successful, the irradiation processes demonstrate that the institution has the knowledge of the protocol, and has the appropriate equipment to comply with the protocol requirements. This article describes three IROC phantoms used for credentialing external beam photon beam therapy, delivered using conventional medical linear accelerators, to the medical dosimetry community. Guidance and strategies for the development of treatment plans are discussed. Our institutional irradiation of the three IROC phantoms, delivered using the Truebeam medical linear accelerator, resulted in consistent dose accuracy to within ±1%. The participation of the team members may reduce the overall published failing rate stated to be about one-third of all participating institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng B Saw
- Northeast Radiation Oncology Centers (NROC), Dunmore, PA 18512, USA.
| | - Frank Battin
- Northeast Radiation Oncology Centers (NROC), Dunmore, PA 18512, USA
| | - Thomas Churilla
- Northeast Radiation Oncology Centers (NROC), Dunmore, PA 18512, USA
| | - Meghan Haggerty
- Northeast Radiation Oncology Centers (NROC), Dunmore, PA 18512, USA
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Mohyedin MZ, Zin HM, Abubakar A, Rahman ATA. Study of PRESAGE® dosimeter for end-to-end 3D radiotherapy verification using an anthropomorphic phantom with bespoke dosimeter insert. Phys Eng Sci Med 2024:10.1007/s13246-024-01418-9. [PMID: 38634981 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-024-01418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Modern radiotherapy techniques have advanced and become more sophisticated. End-to-end 3D verification of the complex radiotherapy dose distribution in an anthropomorphic phantom can ensure the accuracy of the treatment delivery. The phantoms commonly used for dosimetry are homogeneous solid water phantom which lacks the capability to measure the 3D dose distribution for heterogeneous tissues necessary for advanced radiotherapy techniques. Therefore, we developed an end-to-end 3D radiotherapy dose verification system based on MAX-HD anthropomorphic phantom (Integrated Medical Technologies Inc., Troy, New York) with bespoke intracranial insert for PRESAGE® dosimeter. In this study, several advanced radiotherapy treatment techniques of various levels of complexity; 3D-CRT, IMRT and VMAT treatment, were planned for a 20 mm diameter of a spherical target in the brain region and delivered to the phantom. The dosimeters were read out using an in-house developed optical computed tomography (OCT) imaging system known as 3DmicroHD-OCT. It was found that the measured dose distribution of the PRESAGE® when compared with the measured dose distribution of EBT film and Monaco TPS has a maximum difference of less than 3% for 3D-CRT, IMRT and VMAT treatment plans. The gamma analysis results of PRESAGE® in comparison to EBT film and Monaco TPS show pass rates of more than 95% for the criteria of 3% dose difference and 3 mm distance-to-agreement. This study proves the capability of PRESAGE® and bespoke MAX-HD phantom in conjunction with the 3DmicroHD-OCT system to measure 3D dose distribution for end-to-end dosimetry verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zamir Mohyedin
- School of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre of Astrophysics and Applied Radiation, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hafiz Mohd Zin
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13700, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Auwal Abubakar
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13700, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Radiography, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Taufek Abdul Rahman
- School of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Centre of Astrophysics and Applied Radiation, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Altergot A, Schürmann M, Jungert T, Auerbach H, Nüsken F, Palm J, Rübe C, Rübe CE, Dzierma Y. Imaging doses for different CBCT protocols on the Halcyon 3.0 linear accelerator - TLD measurements in an anthropomorphic phantom. Z Med Phys 2023:S0939-3889(23)00039-9. [PMID: 37088675 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Image guided radiotherapy allows for particularly conformal tumour irradiation through precise patient positioning. Becoming the standard for radiotherapy, this increases imaging doses to the patient. The Halcyon 3.0 linear accelerator (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) requires daily imaging due to its geometry. For this reason, the accelerator is equipped with on-line kV and MV imaging. However, daily CBCT images required for irradiation apply additional radiation, which increases the dose to normal tissue and therefore can affect the patient's secondary cancer risk. In this study, actual organ doses were measured for the kV system, and a comparison of normal tissue doses for all available kV CBCT protocols was presented to demonstrate differences in imaging doses across entities and protocols. In addition, effective dose and secondary cancer risk from imaging are evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Measurements were performed with thermoluminescent dosimeters in an anthropomorphic phantom positioned according to each entity (brain, head and neck, breast, lung, pelvis). CBCT images were obtained, using all available pre-set protocols without further adjustment of the parameters. Measured doses for each position and each protocol were then compared and secondary cancer risk of relevant and specifically radiosensitive organs was calculated. RESULTS It was found that imaging doses for protocols such as Pelvis and Head could be reduced by up to half using the corresponding Fast and Low Dose modes, respectively. On the other hand, larger field sizes or the Large mode yielded higher doses than their initial protocols. Image Gently was found to spare normal tissue best, however it is not suitable for certain entities due to low image quality or insufficient projection data. DISCUSSION By using appropriate kV-CBCT protocols, it is possible to reduce imaging doses to a significant extent and therefore spare healthy tissue. Combined with studies of image quality, the results of this study could lead to adjustments in workflow regarding the choice of protocols used in daily routine. This could prevent unnecessary radiation exposure and reduce secondary cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Altergot
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Michaela Schürmann
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tanja Jungert
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Hendrik Auerbach
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Frank Nüsken
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jan Palm
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christian Rübe
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Claudia E Rübe
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Yvonne Dzierma
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Nuzov NB, Bhusal B, Henry KR, Jiang F, Vu J, Rosenow JM, Pilitsis JG, Elahi B, Golestanirad L. Artifacts Can Be Deceiving: The Actual Location of Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes Differs from the Artifact Seen on Magnetic Resonance Images. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2023; 101:47-59. [PMID: 36529124 PMCID: PMC9932848 DOI: 10.1159/000526877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a common treatment for a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Recent studies have highlighted the role of neuroimaging in localizing the position of electrode contacts relative to target brain areas in order to optimize DBS programming. Among different imaging methods, postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used for DBS electrode localization; however, the geometrical distortion induced by the lead limits its accuracy. In this work, we investigated to what degree the difference between the actual location of the lead's tip and the location of the tip estimated from the MRI artifact varies depending on the MRI sequence parameters such as acquisition plane and phase encoding direction, as well as the lead's extracranial configuration. Accordingly, an imaging technique to increase the accuracy of lead localization was devised and discussed. METHODS We designed and constructed an anthropomorphic phantom with an implanted DBS system following 18 clinically relevant configurations. The phantom was scanned at a Siemens 1.5 Tesla Aera scanner using a T1MPRAGE sequence optimized for clinical use and a T1TSE sequence optimized for research purposes. We varied slice acquisition plane and phase encoding direction and calculated the distance between the caudal tip of the DBS lead MRI artifact and the actual tip of the lead, as estimated from MRI reference markers. RESULTS Imaging parameters and lead configuration substantially altered the difference in the depth of the lead within its MRI artifact on the scale of several millimeters - with a difference as large as 4.99 mm. The actual tip of the DBS lead was found to be consistently more rostral than the tip estimated from the MR image artifact. The smallest difference between the tip of the DBS lead and the tip of the MRI artifact using the clinically relevant sequence (i.e., T1MPRAGE) was found with the sagittal acquisition plane and anterior-posterior phase encoding direction. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION The actual tip of an implanted DBS lead is located up to several millimeters rostral to the tip of the lead's artifact on postoperative MR images. This distance depends on the MRI sequence parameters and the DBS system's extracranial trajectory. MRI parameters may be altered to improve this localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa B Nuzov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA, .,Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA,
| | - Bhumi Bhusal
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kaylee R Henry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Fuchang Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jasmine Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.,Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joshua M Rosenow
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julie G Pilitsis
- Department of Neurosciences & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Behzad Elahi
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Laleh Golestanirad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.,Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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El-Ouardi Y, Aknouch A, Dadouch A, Mouhib M, Benmessaoud M. Design of a protective shield for a radiological emergency intervention using Monte Carlo simulation and an anthropomorphic phantom. Radiat Environ Biophys 2022; 61:425-433. [PMID: 35831755 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing use of radioactive sources, new challenges appear for the protection of humans and the environment against ionizing radiation. Thus, organizations handling these sources must be endowed with plans how to react in case of any radiological emergency situations. Monte Carlo simulations are among the most widely employed methods used for the management and reconstruction of radiological incidents and accidents. In this work, results of a Monte Carlo simulation study with the Geant4 simulation toolkit using a digital anthropomorphic phantom are reported. The investigated scenario included an emergency intervention carried out inside the ionization cell of the National Institute of Agronomic Research (NIAR) of Tangier/Morocco, which houses a 60Co gamma irradiator. In this scenario, a radiological incident was assumed where the source cage of the gamma irradiator is stuck in the guide tube and not completely inserted into its storage container. The objective of this work was to design a radiation shield to protect an operator during the emergency intervention and make sure that any radiation exposure is below the recommended dose limits, taking into account the date of occurrence (which determines the activity of the source at the time of the emergency situation) of the accident and economic aspects of shielding design. In this work, the maximum time available for the operator to accomplish the operation intervention while remaining protected is calculated. The results obtained show that the shielding prototype developed gives the operator a time between 3 and 300 s, depending on shielding design. It is concluded that shielding of the type investigated in the present study will allow any facility to manage the assumed emergency scenario, should it occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef El-Ouardi
- Nuclear Engineering Group, LIMAS Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Adil Aknouch
- Department of Physics, Nuclear Physics and Techniques Team, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Dadouch
- Nuclear Engineering Group, LIMAS Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Mouhib
- National Institute for Agronomical Research (INRA), Regional Center of Tangier, Irradiation Facility of Boukhalef (SIBO), Tangier, Morocco
| | - Mounir Benmessaoud
- Nuclear Engineering Group, LIMAS Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
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Woidy P, Meisenberg O. Production of sealed rod sources made from epoxy resin for the Saint-Petersburg brick phantom for the calibration of whole-body counters. Radiat Environ Biophys 2022; 61:391-398. [PMID: 35835934 PMCID: PMC9334393 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rod sources are a common tool for the calibration of whole-body counters in combination with the Saint-Petersburg brick phantom. Here, a method for the production of such sources in ordinary radiochemical laboratories is presented. The rod sources consist of a tubular capsule of rigid polyvinyl chloride with a radioactive filling of epoxy resin. The method allows the production of rod sources at material costs of about 1 € per rod source and of ten rod sources by one person per day. Quality-assurance measurements were performed regarding the spatial distribution of the activity within the rod sources and the distribution of the activity throughout a set of sources. The relative double standard deviation of the activities of five different segments of single rod sources was 7.1%. The relative double standard deviation within a set of 90 rod sources was 2.8% after those 11% of sources with the greatest deviation from the arithmetic mean were discarded. Tests according to ISO 2919 to certify the rod sources as sealed sources of Class 2 of this standard were successfully conducted. The bending test proved to be the most critical test for the rod sources; the sources were broken by a mass of 12-14 kg, which is only slightly more than the stipulated mass of 10.2 kg. The presented method allows for a cost- and labour-effective production of sealed radioactive rod sources and thus facilitates the application of the Saint-Petersburg brick phantom for calibrations and interlaboratory comparisons of whole-body counters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Woidy
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Medical and Occupational Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Meisenberg
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Medical and Occupational Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
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Inkinen SI, Mäkelä T, Kaasalainen T, Peltonen J, Kangasniemi M, Kortesniemi M. Automatic head computed tomography image noise quantification with deep learning. Phys Med 2022; 99:102-112. [PMID: 35671678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Computed tomography (CT) image noise is usually determined by standard deviation (SD) of pixel values from uniform image regions. This study investigates how deep learning (DL) could be applied in head CT image noise estimation. METHODS Two approaches were investigated for noise image estimation of a single acquisition image: direct noise image estimation using supervised DnCNN convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, and subtraction of a denoised image estimated with denoising UNet-CNN experimented with supervised and unsupervised noise2noise training approaches. Noise was assessed with local SD maps using 3D- and 2D-CNN architectures. Anthropomorphic phantom CT image dataset (N = 9 scans, 3 repetitions) was used for DL-model comparisons. Mean square error (MSE) and mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) of SD values were determined using the SD values of subtraction images as ground truth. Open-source clinical head CT low-dose dataset (Ntrain = 37, Ntest = 10 subjects) were used to demonstrate DL applicability in noise estimation from manually labeled uniform regions and in automated noise and contrast assessment. RESULTS The direct SD estimation using 3D-CNN was the most accurate assessment method when comparing in phantom dataset (MAPE = 15.5%, MSE = 6.3HU). Unsupervised noise2noise approach provided only slightly inferior results (MAPE = 20.2%, MSE = 13.7HU). 2DCNN and unsupervised UNet models provided the smallest MSE on clinical labeled uniform regions. CONCLUSIONS DL-based clinical image assessment is feasible and provides acceptable accuracy as compared to true image noise. Noise2noise approach may be feasible in clinical use where no ground truth data is available. Noise estimation combined with tissue segmentation may enable more comprehensive image quality characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu I Inkinen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Radiology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Teemu Mäkelä
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Radiology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Touko Kaasalainen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Radiology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Peltonen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Radiology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Kangasniemi
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Radiology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kortesniemi
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Radiology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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De Deene Y, Wheatley M, Greig T, Hayes D, Ryder W, Loh H. A multi-modality medical imaging head and neck phantom: Part 2. Medical imaging. Phys Med 2022; 96:179-197. [PMID: 35219580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The head and neck phantom discussed in an accompanying paper (part 1), is imaged with MRI, X-ray CT, PET and ultrasound. MRI scans show a distinct image contrast between the brain compartment and other anatomical regions of the head. The silicone matrix that was used to create a porous brain compartment has a relatively high proton density and a spin-spin relaxation time (T2) that is long enough to provide an MRI signal. While the longitudinal magnetization was found to recover according to a mono-exponential, a bi-exponential decay was observed for the transverse relaxation with a slow T2 relaxation component corresponding to the perfusate and a fast T2 relaxation component corresponding to the silicone. The fraction of the slow T2 relaxation component increases upon perfusion. A dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI experiment is conducted in which the injection rate of the contrast agent is varied. Parametric DCE maps are created and reveal regional differences in contrast agent kinetics as a result of differences in porosity. The skull, vertebra and the brain compartment are clearly visible on X-ray CT. Dynamic PET scanning has been performed while the carotic arterial input function is monitored by use of a Geiger-Müller counter. Similar regions of perfusion are found in the PET study as in the DCE MRI study. By doping the perfusate with a lipid micelle emulsion, the phantom is applicable for carotic Doppler ultrasound demonstration and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves De Deene
- Radiology, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, New South Wales Health, Derby Street, Penrith 2750, NSW, Australia; School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd, Macquarie Park 2109, NSW, Australia
| | - Morgan Wheatley
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd, Macquarie Park 2109, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Greig
- Radiology, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, New South Wales Health, Derby Street, Penrith 2750, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Hayes
- Radiology, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, New South Wales Health, Derby Street, Penrith 2750, NSW, Australia
| | - William Ryder
- Radiology, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, New South Wales Health, Derby Street, Penrith 2750, NSW, Australia
| | - Han Loh
- Radiology, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, New South Wales Health, Derby Street, Penrith 2750, NSW, Australia
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Tajik M, Akhlaqi MM, Gholami S. Advances in anthropomorphic thorax phantoms for radiotherapy: a review. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 8. [PMID: 34736235 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac369c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A phantom is a highly specialized device, which mimic human body, or a part of it. There are three categories of phantoms: physical phantoms, physiological phantoms, and computational phantoms. The phantoms have been utilized in medical imaging and radiotherapy for numerous applications. In radiotherapy, the phantoms may be used for various applications such as quality assurance (QA), dosimetry, end-to-end testing, etc. In thoracic radiotherapy, unique QA problems including tumor motion, thorax deformation, and heterogeneities in the beam path have complicated the delivery of dose to both tumor and organ at risks (OARs). Also, respiratory motion is a major challenge in radiotherapy of thoracic malignancies, which can be resulted in the discrepancies between the planned and delivered doses to cancerous tissue. Hence, the overall treatment procedure needs to be verified. Anthropomorphic thorax phantoms, which are made of human tissue-mimicking materials, can be utilized to obtain the ground truth to validate these processes. Accordingly, research into new anthropomorphic thorax phantoms has accelerated. Therefore, the review is intended to summarize the current status of the commercially available and in-house-built anthropomorphic physical/physiological thorax phantoms in radiotherapy. The main focus is on anthropomorphic, deformable thorax motion phantoms. This review also discusses the applications of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology for the fabrication of thorax phantoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Tajik
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Tehran district 6 poursina st Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mohammad Mohsen Akhlaqi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran,Tehran,Shahid Bahonar roundabout, Darabad Avenue,Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Somayeh Gholami
- Radiotherapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Bolvarekeshavarz AVN, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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Ahmadi M, Ramezani Anarestani M, Hariri Tabrizi S, Azma Z. Manufacturing and evaluation of a multi-purpose Iranian head and neck anthropomorphic phantom called MIHAN. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:1611-1620. [PMID: 34268670 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new multi-purpose Iranian head and neck (MIHAN) anthropomorphic phantom was designed and manufactured to be used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Geometry of MIHAN phantom was determined based on the average dimensions acquired by CT scans of twenty patients without any medical problems in their head and neck site. Because the phantom was expected to be used with different modalities with a wide range of photon energies, attenuation coefficients of some selected materials were determined using Monte Carlo simulation. Based on analytical and simulation results, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) were found suitable choices for soft and bony tissues, respectively. They were used in the 3D printer to build the phantom. The suitability of the materials was checked by CT number value comparison between the organs included in the phantom and the corresponding body tissues and also film dosimetry of a typical intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan.. Hounsfield Unit agreement and 95% ± 2% pass rate for the IMRT plan verification proved the suitability of material selection. Also, the film dosimetry showed feasibility of using MIHAN in radiotherapy plan verification workflow. In addition, PLA was introduced as a spongy bone tissue substitute for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sanaz Hariri Tabrizi
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Azma
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Catusso L, Santos WS, da Silva RMV, Valença JVB. Mobile shielding evaluation on the fetal dose during a breast radiotherapy using Monte Carlo simulation. Phys Med 2021; 84:24-32. [PMID: 33826997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluation of the out-of-field dose is an important aspect in radiotherapy. Due to the fetus radiosensitivity, this evaluation becomes even more conclusive when the patient is pregnant. In this work, a linear accelerator Varian Clinac 2100c operating at 6 MV, a pregnant anthropomorphic phantom (Maria), and different shields added above the abdominal region of the phantom were used for the analysis based on MCNPX. METHODS The simulations were performed for the medial and lateral projections, using either an open field collimation (10×16cm2) or a multileaf collimator. The added shields (M1 and M2) were designed based on models proposed by Stovall et al. [1], intending to reduce the deposited dose on the fetus and related structures. RESULTS The presence of the shields showed to be effective in reducing the doses on the fetus, amniotic sac, and placenta, for example. A reduction of about 43% was found in the dose on the fetus when M2 was added, using the open field collimation, in comparison with the situation with no shield, being the lateral projection the main responsible for the dose. The use of MLC significatively reduced the doses in different structures, including on the fetus and amniotic sac, for example, in comparison to the open field situation. A slight increment on the dose in organs such as the eyes, thyroid and brain was found in both collimation systems, due to the presence of the shields. The contribution of the leakage radiation from the tube head of the linear accelerator was found to be in the order of µGy, being reduced by the presence of the M2 shield. CONCLUSION Using the shields showed to be an essential feature in order to reduce the dose not only on the fetus, but also in important structures responsible to its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Catusso
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - William S Santos
- Federal University of Uberlândia (INFIS/UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - João V B Valença
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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12
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Ghabrial A, Franklin DR, Zaidi H. A Monte Carlo simulation study of scatter fraction and the impact of patient BMI on scatter in long axial field-of-view PET scanners. Z Med Phys 2021; 31:305-315. [PMID: 33593642 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The NEMA NU-2 standard describes a protocol for measurement of scatter fraction (SF) using an axially-aligned line source, offset at 45mm from the central axis, in a cylindrical polyethylene phantom. In this work, which is an extension of our preliminary results previuosly published in the Proceedings of IEEE NSS/MIC 2018 [1], we aim to evaluate the performance of the NEMA NU-2 SF protocol in a Siemens Biograph mCT PET/CT whole-body scanner and a long axial field-of-view (LAFOV) total-body PET scanner to determine whether modifications to the NEMA NU-2 SF protocol are needed for the characterisation of scatter in such scanners. In addition, we evaluate the impact of patient body mass index (BMI) on SF in a LAFOV scanner. The Siemens Biograph mCT and a typical LAFOV PET scanner were modelled in GATE. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to validate the mCT scanner model against published experimental results. SF was estimated using a modified NEMA NU-2 protocol with variable radial offsets on both scanners and compared to ground truth SF measurements obtained with a uniform-activity cylindrical phantom. Correlation between BMI and SF in the LAFOV scanner was evaluated by simulating anthropomorphic phantoms with different BMIs and realistic 18F-FDG distributions, together with uniformly-filled 200cm long cylindrical phantoms with equivalent effective diameters. The optimal offset was found to be either 60mm or 80mm, depending on the chosen optimality metric. We conclude that modifications to NEMA NU-2 are required for accurate SF characterisation in whole-body and LAFOV scanners. Finally, SF in anthropomorphic phantoms with realistic tissue concentrations of 18F-FDG was found to be strongly correlated with SF in an equivalent-volume cylindrical phantom for the LAFOV PET scanner; BMI was also found to strongly positively correlate with the SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ghabrial
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | - Habib Zaidi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-500 Odense, Denmark
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Roser P, Birkhold A, Preuhs A, Ochs P, Stepina E, Strobel N, Kowarschik M, Fahrig R, Maier A. XDose: toward online cross-validation of experimental and computational X-ray dose estimation. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2021; 16:1-10. [PMID: 33274400 PMCID: PMC7822800 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-020-02298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As the spectrum of X-ray procedures has increased both for diagnostic and for interventional cases, more attention is paid to X-ray dose management. While the medical benefit to the patient outweighs the risk of radiation injuries in almost all cases, reproducible studies on organ dose values help to plan preventive measures helping both patient as well as staff. Dose studies are either carried out retrospectively, experimentally using anthropomorphic phantoms, or computationally. When performed experimentally, it is helpful to combine them with simulations validating the measurements. In this paper, we show how such a dose simulation method, carried out together with actual X-ray experiments, can be realized to obtain reliable organ dose values efficiently. METHODS A Monte Carlo simulation technique was developed combining down-sampling and super-resolution techniques for accelerated processing accompanying X-ray dose measurements. The target volume is down-sampled using the statistical mode first. The estimated dose distribution is then up-sampled using guided filtering and the high-resolution target volume as guidance image. Second, we present a comparison of dose estimates calculated with our Monte Carlo code experimentally obtained values for an anthropomorphic phantom using metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor dosimeters. RESULTS We reconstructed high-resolution dose distributions from coarse ones (down-sampling factor 2 to 16) with error rates ranging from 1.62 % to 4.91 %. Using down-sampled target volumes further reduced the computation time by 30 % to 60 %. Comparison of measured results to simulated dose values demonstrated high agreement with an average percentage error of under [Formula: see text] for all measurement points. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Monte Carlo methods can be accelerated hardware-independently and still yield reliable results. This facilitates empirical dose studies that make use of online Monte Carlo simulations to easily cross-validate dose estimates on-site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Roser
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Annette Birkhold
- Innovation, Advanced Therapies, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 91301, Forchheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Preuhs
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ochs
- Innovation, Advanced Therapies, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 91301, Forchheim, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Stepina
- Innovation, Advanced Therapies, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 91301, Forchheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Strobel
- Institute of Medical Engineering Schweinfurt, University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt, 97421, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Kowarschik
- Innovation, Advanced Therapies, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 91301, Forchheim, Germany
| | - Rebecca Fahrig
- Innovation, Advanced Therapies, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 91301, Forchheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Maier
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Saeed MK. Assessment of the Annual Eye Lens Dose for Cardiologists During Interventional Procedures Using Anthropomorphic Phantoms and mEyeDose_X Tool. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2019; 21:527-531. [PMID: 31883982 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, eye lens dose measurements were performed using two anthropomorphic phantoms simulating the cardiologist and patient during interventional procedures. BACKGROUND Interventional procedures known as areas with high potential risk and the cardiologists can receive relatively high doses to their eyes. METHODS This study was comprised of both phantom and computer simulations. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and mEyeDose_X tool were used to measure and calculate eye lens doses for the cardiologist. 144 TLDs measurements were performed using cardiac protocol for three angiographic projections: anterior-posterior (AP), left anterior oblique 90° (LAO90) and left anterior oblique 45° with cranial 30° (spider) angulations. All cine and fluoroscopy modes including the projections used in this study performed with and without protection tools. RESULTS The annual equivalent doses with protective tools using mEyeDose_X were found to be 1.831 and 1.424 mSv/year, whereas the values using phantom were found to be 2.204 and 1.802 mSv/year for the lens of lift and right eye respectively. CONCLUSION The annual doses reported in this study are almost comparable to other studies performed on interventional cardiology (IC) procedures. The highest dose rate in the lens was 20.21 ± 0.015 mSv/h without protective tools in cine mode for spider projection. Cardiologists may therefore easily exceed the lens dose limit if protective tools are not used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khalil Saeed
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Applied Medical Sciences College, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Saadatmand P, Amouheidari A, Shanei A, Abedi I. Dose perturbation due to dental amalgam in the head and neck radiotherapy: A phantom study. Med Dosim 2019; 45:128-133. [PMID: 31537421 DOI: 10.1016/j.meddos.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dental amalgam, causes perturbation in photon dose distribution of head and neck (H&N) radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dental amalgam on dose distribution of H&N radiotherapy and accuracy of dose calculations algorithm of commercial treatment planning system (TPS). In this study, the measurements were performed using a constructed H&N anthropomorphic. The sample of healthy teeth and teeth filled by amalgam inserted in the desired segment of the phantom in turn. After scanning and organs segmentation of phantom, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan including 7 fields in the absence (plan 1) and presence (plan 2) of dental amalgam were created separately. Phantom was irradiated using 6 MV linear accelerator (SIMENS-ARTISTE, 5918). Assessment of the effects of dental amalgam on dose distribution and the accuracy of dose calculation algorithm of TPS was done by measurement and comparing of organ's received dose using thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLDs), placed on a phantom and TPS calculations. The scattering and attenuation due to the presence of dental amalgam led to an increase in parotid glands received dose (up to 24.38%) and a decrease in mean dose (up to -6.25%) PTV70. Results of this study revealed that discrepancies between the collapsed cone convolution (CCC) algorithm calculations Prowess Panther TPS and TLD measurements were -19.77% to 27.49% in presence of amalgam and -1.09% to 5.03% in presence of healthy teeth in phantoms. Attenuation and scattering due to amalgam in IMRT of H&N cancer may lead to a significant dose perturbation which is not predictable by dose calculation of TPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Saadatmand
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Shanei
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Iraj Abedi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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16
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Peerlings J, Compter I, Janssen F, Wiggins CJ, Postma AA, Mottaghy FM, Lambin P, Hoffmann AL. Characterizing geometrical accuracy in clinically optimised 7T and 3T magnetic resonance images for high-precision radiation treatment of brain tumours. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2019; 9:35-42. [PMID: 33458423 PMCID: PMC7807620 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose In neuro-oncology, high spatial accuracy is needed for clinically acceptable high-precision radiation treatment planning (RTP). In this study, the clinical applicability of anatomically optimised 7-Tesla (7T) MR images for reliable RTP is assessed with respect to standard clinical imaging modalities. Materials and methods System- and phantom-related geometrical distortion (GD) were quantified on clinically-relevant MR sequences at 7T and 3T, and on CT images using a dedicated anthropomorphic head phantom incorporating a 3D grid-structure, creating 436 points-of-interest. Global GD was assessed by mean absolute deviation (MADGlobal). Local GD relative to the magnetic isocentre was assessed by MADLocal. Using 3D displacement vectors of individual points-of-interest, GD maps were created. For clinically acceptable radiotherapy, 7T images need to meet the criteria for accurate dose delivery (GD < 1 mm) and present comparable GD as tolerated in clinically standard 3T MR/CT-based RTP. Results MADGlobal in 7T and 3T images ranged from 0.3 to 2.2 mm and 0.2-0.8 mm, respectively. MADLocal increased with increasing distance from the isocentre, showed an anisotropic distribution, and was significantly larger in 7T MR sequences (MADLocal = 0.2-1.2 mm) than in 3T (MADLocal = 0.1-0.7 mm) (p < 0.05). Significant differences in GD were detected between 7T images (p < 0.001). However, maximum MADLocal remained ≤1 mm within 68.7 mm diameter spherical volume. No significant differences in GD were found between 7T and 3T protocols near the isocentre. Conclusions System- and phantom-related GD remained ≤1 mm in central brain regions, suggesting that 7T MR images could be implemented in radiotherapy with clinically acceptable spatial accuracy and equally tolerated GD as in 3T MR/CT-based RTP. For peripheral regions, GD should be incorporated in safety margins for treatment uncertainties. Moreover, the effects of sequence-related factors on GD needs further investigation to obtain RTP-specific MR protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Peerlings
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Compter
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fiere Janssen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alida A Postma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aswin L Hoffmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Radiooncology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,OncoRay National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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De Matheo LL, Geremia J, Calas MJG, Costa-Júnior JFS, da Silva FFF, von Krüger MA, Pereira WCDA. PVCP-based anthropomorphic breast phantoms containing structures similar to lactiferous ducts for ultrasound imaging: A comparison with human breasts. Ultrasonics 2018; 90:144-152. [PMID: 29966842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to obtain an anthropomorphic phantom with acoustic properties similar to those of breast tissue, possessing lactiferous duct-like structures, which would be a first for this type of phantom. Breast lesions usually grow in glandular tissues or lactiferous ducts. Shape variations in these structures are detectable by using ultrasound imaging. To increase early diagnosis, it is important to develop computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems and improve medical training. Using tissue-like materials that mimic known internal structures can help achieve both of these goals. However, most breast ultrasound phantoms described in the literature emulate only fat tissues and lesion-like masses. In addition, commercially available phantoms claim to be realistic, but do not contain lactiferous duct structures. In this work, we collected reference images from both breasts of ten healthy female volunteers aged between 20 and 30 years using a 10 MHz linear transducer of a B-mode medical ultrasound system. Histograms of the grey scale distribution of each tissue component of interest, the grey level means, and standard deviations of the regions of interest were obtained. Phantoms were produced using polyvinyl chloride plastisol (PVCP) suspensions. The lactiferous duct-like structures were prepared using pure PVCP. Solid scatterers, such as alumina (mesh #100) and graphite powders (mesh #140) were added to the phantom matrix to mimic glandular and fat tissue, respectively. The phantom duct-like structure diameters observed on B-mode images (1.92 mm ± 0.44) were similar to real measures obtained with a micrometer (2.08 mm ± 0.23). The phantom ducts are easy to produce and are largely stable for at least one year. This phantom allows the researchers to elaborate the structure at their will and may be used in training and as a reference for development of CAD systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Lobianco De Matheo
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Geremia
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia Gregorio Calas
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Francisco Silva Costa-Júnior
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Fernandes Ferreira da Silva
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio von Krüger
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wagner Coelho de Albuquerque Pereira
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Spampinato S, Gueli AM, Milone P, Raffaele LA. Dosimetric changes with computed tomography automatic tube-current modulation techniques. Radiol Phys Technol 2018; 11:184-191. [PMID: 29626289 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-018-0454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study is aimed at a verification of dose changes for a computed tomography automatic tube-current modulation (ATCM) technique. For this purpose, anthropomorphic phantom and Gafchromic® XR-QA2 films were used. Radiochromic films were cut according to the shape of two thorax regions. The ATCM algorithm is based on noise index (NI) and three exam protocols with different NI were chosen, of which one was a reference. Results were compared with dose values displayed by the console and with Poisson statistics. The information obtained with radiochromic films has been normalized with respect to the NI reference value to compare dose percentage variations. Results showed that, on average, the information reported by the CT console and calculated values coincide with measurements. The study allowed verification of the dose information reported by the CT console for an ATCM technique. Although this evaluation represents an estimate, the method can be a starting point for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Spampinato
- PH3DRA Laboratories (PHysics for Dating Diagnostic Dosimetry Research and Applications), Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania and INFN-Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy. .,Scuola di Specializzazione in Fisica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze mediche chirurgiche e tecnologie avanzate "G. F. Ingrassia", Scuola Facoltà di Medicina, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy. .,Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anna Maria Gueli
- PH3DRA Laboratories (PHysics for Dating Diagnostic Dosimetry Research and Applications), Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania and INFN-Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy.,Scuola di Specializzazione in Fisica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze mediche chirurgiche e tecnologie avanzate "G. F. Ingrassia", Scuola Facoltà di Medicina, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Milone
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Fisica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze mediche chirurgiche e tecnologie avanzate "G. F. Ingrassia", Scuola Facoltà di Medicina, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.,Unità Operativa Complessa di Radiodiagnostica e Radioterapia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Catania, P. O. Gaspare Rodolico, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Angelo Raffaele
- PH3DRA Laboratories (PHysics for Dating Diagnostic Dosimetry Research and Applications), Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania and INFN-Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy.,Scuola di Specializzazione in Fisica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze mediche chirurgiche e tecnologie avanzate "G. F. Ingrassia", Scuola Facoltà di Medicina, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.,Unità Operativa Complessa di Radiodiagnostica e Radioterapia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Catania, P. O. Gaspare Rodolico, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
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Kelaranta A, Mäkelä T, Kaasalainen T, Kortesniemi M. Fetal radiation dose in three common CT examinations during pregnancy - Monte Carlo study. Phys Med 2017; 43:199-206. [PMID: 28941740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine fetal doses in different stages of pregnancy in three common computed tomography (CT) examinations: pulmonary CT angiography, abdomino-pelvic and trauma scan with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. METHODS An adult female anthropomorphic phantom was scanned with a 64-slice CT using pulmonary angiography, abdomino-pelvic and trauma CT scan protocols. Three different sized gelatin boluses placed on the phantom's abdomen simulated different stages of pregnancy. Intrauterine dose was used as a surrogate to a dose absorbed to the fetus. MC simulations were performed to estimate uterine doses. The simulation dose levels were calibrated with volumetric CT dose index (CTDIvol) measurements and MC simulations in a cylindrical CTDI body phantom and compared with ten point doses measured with metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor dosimeters. Intrauterine volumes and uterine walls were segmented and the respective dose volume histograms were calculated. RESULTS The mean intrauterine doses in different stages of pregnancy varied from 0.04 to 1.04mGy, from 4.8 to 5.8mGy, and from 9.8 to 12.6mGy in the CT scans for pulmonary angiography, abdomino-pelvic and trauma CT scans, respectively. MC simulations showed good correlation with the MOSFET measurement at the measured locations. CONCLUSIONS The three studied examinations provided highly varying fetal doses increasing from sub-mGy level in pulmonary CT angiography to notably higher levels in abdomino-pelvic and trauma scans where the fetus is in the primary exposure range. Volumetric dose distribution offered by MC simulations in an appropriate anthropomorphic phantom provides a comprehensive dose assessment when applied in adjunct to point-dose measurements.
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20
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Stokkeland PJ, Andersen E, Bjørndal MM, Mikalsen AM, Aslaksen S, Hyldmo PK. Maintaining immobilisation devices on trauma patients during CT: a feasibility study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2017; 25:84. [PMID: 28835284 PMCID: PMC5569509 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-017-0428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To reduce the possibility of secondary deterioration of spinal injuries, it is desirable to maintain the spinal immobilisation that is applied in the prehospital setting throughout computed tomography (CT) scanning. A previous study found that metallic components within the inflation valve of the vacuum mattresses caused CT artefacts. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of vacuum mattresses with plastic valves on CT artefacts, the radiation dose, and noise compared to a trauma transfer board and the spine boards currently used in our trauma system. METHODS We scanned an anthropomorphic whole body phantom with different immobilisation devices on a 128-slice CT scanner using the standard polytrauma CT-protocol at our institution. The phantom was scanned without any immobilisation device and with three different vacuum mattresses, two spine boards, and one trauma transfer board. Two radiologists independently assessed the artefacts. Agreement between the two radiologists was measured using the kappa coefficient. The radiation dose and noise were assessed. RESULTS One spine board produced major artefacts due to its metal components. One of the vacuum mattresses resulted in artefacts that impaired clinical judgement. Otherwise, the artefacts predominantly did not impede clinical judgement and were mainly subtle. One of the vacuum mattresses resulted in no artefacts that affected clinical judgement. The overall inter-rater agreement was substantial (0.86, kappa 0.77). We did not observe any artefacts due to plastic valves. The mean CT radiation dose was slightly higher for two of the devices in the head series than that for the trauma transfer board, used as the standard in our system. Only marginal differences were noted for the other devices and series. Small differences in image noise were found between the devices. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that it is feasible to maintain some vacuum mattresses with plastic valves on trauma patients during CT scanning. The tested mattresses did not result in a considerably increased radiation dose or artefacts that hampered clinical judgement. One of the tested vacuum mattresses produced no artefacts that hampered clinical judgement whatsoever.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erlend Andersen
- Clinic for Medical Services, Sørlandet Hospital Kristiansand, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Per Kristian Hyldmo
- The Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Drøbak, Norway.,Trauma Unit, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
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21
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Alqahtani MS, Lees JE, Bugby SL, Samara-Ratna P, Ng AH, Perkins AC. Design and implementation of a prototype head and neck phantom for the performance evaluation of gamma imaging systems. EJNMMI Phys 2017; 4:19. [PMID: 28685477 PMCID: PMC5500602 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-017-0186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A prototype anthropomorphic head and neck phantom has been designed to simulate the adult head and neck anatomy including some internal organs and tissues of interest, such as thyroid gland and sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). The design of the head and neck phantom includes an inner jig holding the simulated SLNs and thyroid gland. The thyroid gland structure was manufactured using three-dimensional (3D) printing taking into consideration the morphology and shape of a healthy adult thyroid gland. Result The head and neck phantom was employed to simulate a situation where there are four SLNs distributed at two different vertical levels and at two depths within the neck. Contrast to noise ratio (CNR) calculations were performed for the detected SLNs at an 80 mm distance between both pinhole collimators (0.5 and 1.0 mm diameters) and the surface of the head and neck phantom with a 100 s acquisition time. The recorded CNR values for the simulated SLNs are higher when the hybrid gamma camera (HGC) was fitted with the 1.0 mm diameter pinhole collimator. For instance, the recorded CNR values for the superficially simulated SLN (15 mm depth) containing 0.1 MBq of 99mTc using 0.5 and 1.0 mm diameter pinhole collimators are 6.48 and 16.42, respectively (~87% difference). Gamma and hybrid optical images were acquired using the HGC for the simulated thyroid gland. The count profiles through the middle of the simulated thyroid gland images provided by both pinhole collimators were obtained. The HGC could clearly differentiate the individual peaks of both thyroid lobes in the gamma image produced by the 0.5-mm pinhole collimator. In contrast, the recorded count profile for the acquired image using the 1.0-mm-diameter pinhole collimator showed broader peaks for both lobes, reflecting the degradation of the spatial resolution with increasing the diameter of the pinhole collimator. Conclusions This anthropomorphic head and neck phantom provides a valuable tool for assessing the imaging ability of gamma cameras used for imaging the head and neck region. The standardisation of test phantoms for SFOV gamma systems will provide an opportunity to collect data across various medical centres. The phantom described is cost effective, reproducible, flexible and anatomically representative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK. .,Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Zip code 61481, Abha, 3665, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - John E Lees
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Sarah L Bugby
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Piyal Samara-Ratna
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Aik H Ng
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alan C Perkins
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.,Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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22
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Neumann W, Lietzmann F, Schad LR, Zöllner FG. Design of a multimodal ( 1H/ 23Na MR/CT) anthropomorphic thorax phantom. Z Med Phys 2016; 27:124-131. [PMID: 27596568 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work proposes a modular, anthropomorphic MR and CT thorax phantom that enables the comparison of experimental studies for quantitative evaluation of deformable, multimodal image registration algorithms and realistic multi-nuclear MR imaging techniques. METHODS A human thorax phantom was developed with insertable modules representing lung, liver, ribs and additional tracking spheres. The quality of human tissue mimicking characteristics was evaluated for 1H and 23Na MR as well as CT imaging. The position of landmarks in the lung lobes was tracked during CT image acquisition at several positions during breathing cycles. 1H MR measurements of the liver were repeated after seven months to determine long term stability. RESULTS The modules possess HU, T1 and T2 values comparable to human tissues (lung module: -756±148HU, artificial ribs: 218±56HU (low CaCO3 concentration) and 339±121 (high CaCO3 concentration), liver module: T1=790±28ms, T2=65±1ms). Motion analysis showed that the landmarks in the lung lobes follow a 3D trajectory similar to human breathing motion. The tracking spheres are well detectable in both CT and MRI. The parameters of the tracking spheres can be adjusted in the following ranges to result in a distinct signal: HU values from 150 to 900HU, T1 relaxation time from 550ms to 2000ms, T2 relaxation time from 40ms to 200ms. CONCLUSION The presented anthropomorphic multimodal thorax phantom fulfills the demands of a simple, inexpensive system with interchangeable components. In future, the modular design allows for complementing the present set up with additional modules focusing on specific research targets such as perfusion studies, 23Na MR quantification experiments and an increasing level of complexity for motion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Neumann
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Florian Lietzmann
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Lothar R Schad
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Frank G Zöllner
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
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Ramos SMO, Glavam AP, Kubo TTA, de Sá LV. Optimization of a protocol for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy by using an anthropomorphic phantom. Radiol Bras 2015; 47:217-22. [PMID: 25741088 PMCID: PMC4337115 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2013.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To develop a study aiming at optimizing myocardial perfusion imaging. Materials and Methods Imaging of an anthropomorphic thorax phantom with a GE SPECT Ventri gamma camera,
with varied activities and acquisition times, in order to evaluate the influence
of these parameters on the quality of the reconstructed medical images. The
99mTc-sestamibi radiotracer was utilized, and then the images were
clinically evaluated on the basis of data such as summed stress score, and on the
technical image quality and perfusion. The software ImageJ was utilized in the
data quantification. Results The results demonstrated that for the standard acquisition time utilized in the
procedure (15 seconds per angle), the injected activity could be reduced by
33.34%. Additionally, even if the standard scan time is reduced by 53.34% (7
seconds per angle), the standard injected activity could still be reduced by
16.67%, without impairing the image quality and the diagnostic reliability. Conclusion The described method and respective results provide a basis for the development of
a clinical trial of patients in an optimized protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Medeiros Oliveira Ramos
- Biomedical Researcher, Master in Radioprotection and Dosimetry, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria / Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (IRD/CNEN), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pereira Glavam
- Master in Cardiology, Nuclear Cardiologist, Clínica de Diagnóstico Por Imagem (CDPI/DASA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Takao Almodovar Kubo
- Master, Medical Physicist specialized in Images Post-processing and Nuclear Medicine, Clínica de Diagnóstico Por Imagem (CDPI/DASA), Hospital Unimed Rio and Phys RAD, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lidia Vasconcellos de Sá
- PhD, Senior Technologist, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria / Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (IRD/CNEN), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Bandirali M, Lanza E, Messina C, Sconfienza LM, Brambilla R, Maurizio R, Marchelli D, Piodi LP, Di Leo G, Ulivieri FM, Sardanelli F. Dose absorption in lumbar and femoral dual energy X-ray absorptiometry examinations using three different scan modalities: an anthropomorphic phantom study. J Clin Densitom 2013; 16:279-282. [PMID: 23535250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the effective dose on an anthropomorphic phantom undergoing lumbar and femoral dual energy X-ray absorption (DXA) examinations, using 3 different scan modalities (fast-array [FA], array [A], high-definition [HD]), and assess the differences in the lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of cancer due to radiation. An anthropomorphic phantom was used. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed over 12 anatomic phantom regions and outside the room (to measure background radiation). Fifty scans on the femur and spine were performed for each mode. The dose relative to a single DXA scan for each dosimeter was measured (mean over the 50 scans) and the background radiation was then subtracted. The equivalent dose per organ was obtained. The total body effective dose was calculated by adding the equivalent doses. We estimated the lifetime dose absorption and LAR for cancer for a male and a female patient undergoing 36 DXA studies (18 lumbar, 18 femoral) every 21 months for 32 years. The effective dose for lumbar scans was FA = 17.79 μSv, A = 32.88 μSv, HD = 31.08 μSv; for femoral scans, FA = 5.29 μSv, A = 9.55 μSv, HD = 7.54 μSv. LAR estimation showed a minimal increase in cancer risk (range 4.55 × 10⁻⁴% [FA, femoral, male] to 4.02 × 10⁻³% [A, lumbar, female]). The lifetime dose absorption and LAR for cancer for a male and a female patient undergoing 36 DXA studies (18 lumbar, 18 femoral) every 21 months for 32 years were 0.756 mSv, 3.82 × 10(-3)% and 0.756 mSv, 5.11 × 10⁻³%, respectively. DXA examinations cause radiation levels that are comparable to the background radiation. Regardless of the scan modality or the anatomic site, a patient undergoing DXA scans for a lifetime has a negligible increased risk of developing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bandirali
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Radiodiagnostica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Ezio Lanza
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Radiodiagnostica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Carmelo Messina
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Radiodiagnostica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Maria Sconfienza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Servizio di Radiologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Roberto Brambilla
- Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Rozza Maurizio
- Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Marchelli
- Mineralometria Ossea Computerizzata e Ambulatorio Malattie Metabolismo Minerale e Osseo, Servizio di Medicina Nucleare, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Petruccio Piodi
- Mineralometria Ossea Computerizzata e Ambulatorio Malattie Metabolismo Minerale e Osseo, Servizio di Medicina Nucleare, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Leo
- Servizio di Radiologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Fabio Massimo Ulivieri
- Mineralometria Ossea Computerizzata e Ambulatorio Malattie Metabolismo Minerale e Osseo, Servizio di Medicina Nucleare, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Servizio di Radiologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
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