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Bernardo C, Santos J, Costa C, Tavares A, Amaro T, Marques I, Gouveia MJ, Félix V, Afreixo V, Brindley PJ, Costa JM, Amado F, Helguero L, Santos LL. Estrogen receptors in urogenital schistosomiasis and bladder cancer: Estrogen receptor alpha-mediated cell proliferation. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:738.e23-738.e35. [PMID: 32507545 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen-like metabolites have been identified in S. haematobium, the helminth parasite that causes urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) and in patients´ blood and urine during UGS. Estrogen receptor (ER) activation is enriched in the luminal molecular subtype bladder cancer (BlaCa). To date, the significance of ER to these diseases remains elusive. We evaluated ERα and ERβ expression in UGS-related BlaCa (n = 27), UGS-related non-malignant lesions (n = 35), and noninfected BlaCa (n = 80). We investigated the potential of ERα to recognize S. haematobium-derived metabolites by docking and molecular dynamics simulations and studied ERα modulation in vitro using 3 BlaCa cell lines, T24, 5637 and HT1376. ERα was expressed in tumor and stromal cells in approximately 20% noninfected cases and in 30% of UGS-related BlaCa, predominantly in the epithelial cells. Overall, ERα expression was associated with features of tumor aggressiveness such as high proliferation and p53 positive expression. ERα expression correlated with presence of schistosome eggs. ERβ was widely expressed in both cohorts but weaker in UGS-related cases. molecular dynamics simulations of the 4 most abundant S. haematobium-derived metabolites revealed that smaller metabolites have comparable affinity for the ERα active state than 17β-estradiol, while the larger metabolites present higher affinity. Our in vitro findings suggested that ERα activation promotes proliferation in ERα expressing BlaCa cells and that this can be reverted with anti-estrogenic therapy. In summary, we report differential ER expression between UGS-related BlaCa and noninfected BlaCa and provide evidence supporting a role of active ERα during UGS and UGS-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Bernardo
- Hormones and Cancer Lab, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Júlio Santos
- Urology Department, Hospital Américo Boavida, Luanda, Angola; Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA/ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Céu Costa
- Fernando Pessoa Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit/Biomedical Research Center (FP-ENAS/CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Tavares
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresina Amaro
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Igor Marques
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria João Gouveia
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA/ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Infectious Diseases, R&D Unit, INSA-National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor Félix
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vera Afreixo
- Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications (CIDMA), Department of Mathematics, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - José Manuel Costa
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA/ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Infectious Diseases, R&D Unit, INSA-National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- Mass Spectrometry Group, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luisa Helguero
- Hormones and Cancer Lab, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lúcio L Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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Ferreira Almeida C, Oliveira A, João Ramos M, Fernandes PA, Teixeira N, Amaral C. Estrogen receptor-positive (ER +) breast cancer treatment: Are multi-target compounds the next promising approach? Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113989. [PMID: 32330493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine therapy is currently the main therapeutic approach for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, the most frequent subtype of breast cancer in women worldwide. For this subtype of tumors, the current clinical treatment includes aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and anti-estrogenic compounds, such as Tamoxifen and Fulvestrant, being AIs the first-line treatment option for post-menopausal women. Moreover, the recent guidelines also suggest the use of these compounds by pre-menopausal women after suppressing ovaries function. However, besides its therapeutic efficacy, the prolonged use of this type of therapies may lead to the development of several adverse effects, as well as, endocrine resistance, limiting the effectiveness of such treatments. In order to surpass this issues and clinical concerns, during the last years, several studies have been suggesting alternative therapeutic approaches, considering the function of aromatase, ERα and ERβ. Here, we review the structural and functional features of these three targets and their importance in ER+ breast cancer treatment, as well as, the current treatment strategies used in clinic, emphasizing the importance of the development of multi-target compounds able to simultaneously modulate these key targets, as a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ferreira Almeida
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Oliveira
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Computational Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Ramos
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Computational Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Computational Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Natércia Teixeira
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Amaral
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Hannen R, Steffani M, Voellger B, Carl B, Wang J, Bartsch JW, Nimsky C. Effects of anti-estrogens on cell invasion and survival in pituitary adenoma cells: A systematic study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 187:88-96. [PMID: 30439415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of pituitary adenomas are largely unknown, it is clear that estrogen plays a key role in the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. Though this is exemplified by an investigation of fulvestrant in the pituitary adenoma cell line GH3, no systematic studies on the effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) on functional properties of pituitary adenoma cell lines to modulate cell migration, cell invasion, and cell survival are available. Here we analyzed the effects of fulvestrant and three SERMs, bazedoxifene, clomifene, and raloxifene, on pituitary adenomas cell lines AtT20, TtT/GF, and GH3. In cell survival assays, clomifene was shown to be the most potent compound in all three cell lines with IC50 values ranging between 2, 6, and 10 μM, respectively, depending on the cell type. Raloxifene and bazedoxifene were also effective but to a lower extent. Also, all SERMs affected migratory and invasive behavior of pituitary adenoma cells. Mechanistically, treatment of cells with SERMs caused cell apoptosis, as demonstrated by Caspase 3/7 activity and western blot assays. In addition, western blots demonstrate activation of p53 in TtT/GF cells and loss of ERK1/2 activation in AtT20 cells. In contrast, fulvestrant was only effective in GH3 cells. Thus, the general applicability of SERMs for pituitary adenoma cells might be promising in clinical applications for the treatment of pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Hannen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcella Steffani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Voellger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Carl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Junwen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jörg W Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Christopher Nimsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033, Marburg, Germany
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Patki M, Salazar MD, Trumbly R, Ratnam M. Differential effects of estrogen-dependent transactivation vs. transrepression by the estrogen receptor on invasiveness of HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:404-11. [PMID: 25582774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen (E2) supports breast cancer cell growth but suppresses invasiveness and both actions are antagonized by anti-estrogens. As a consequence, anti-estrogen treatment may increase the invasive potential of estrogen receptor (ER)+ tumor cell sub-populations that are endocrine resistant due to HER2 amplification. Either transactivation or transrepression by E2/ER could lead to both up- and down-regulation of many genes. Inhibition of the transactivation function of ER is adequate to inhibit E2-dependent growth. However, the impact of inhibiting E2-dependent transactivation vs. transrepression by ER on regulation of invasiveness by E2 is less clear. Here we dissect the roles of ER-mediated transactivation and transrepression in the regulation of invasiveness of ER+/HER2+ breast cancer cells by E2. Knocking down the general ER co-activators CBP and p300 prevented activation by E2 of its classical target genes but did not interfere with the ability of E2 to repress its direct target genes known to support invasiveness and tumor progression; there was also no effect on invasiveness or the ability of E2 to regulate invasiveness. On the other hand, overexpression of a co-repressor binding site mutant of ER (L372R) prevented E2-dependent transrepression but not transactivation. The mutant ER abrogated the ability of E2 to suppress invasiveness. E2 can partially down-regulate HER2 but knocking down HER2 below E2-regulated levels did not affect invasiveness or the ability of E2 to regulate invasiveness, although it did inhibit growth. Therefore, in ER+/HER2+ cells, the E2-dependent transrepression by ER rather than its transactivation function is critical for regulation of invasiveness and this is independent of HER2 regulation by E2. The findings suggest that selective inhibitors of transactivation by ER may be more beneficial in reducing tumor progression than conventional anti-estrogens that also antagonize E2-dependent transrepression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Patki
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R., Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Marcela d'alincourt Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Division of Translational Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Robert Trumbly
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Manohar Ratnam
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Gerace E, Salomone A, Abbadessa G, Racca S, Vincenti M. Rapid determination of anti-estrogens by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in urine: Method validation and application to real samples. J Pharm Anal 2011; 2:1-11. [PMID: 29403714 PMCID: PMC5760826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A fast screening protocol was developed for the simultaneous determination of nine anti-estrogenic agents (aminoglutethimide, anastrozole, clomiphene, drostanolone, formestane, letrozole, mesterolone, tamoxifen, testolactone) plus five of their metabolites in human urine. After an enzymatic hydrolysis, these compounds can be extracted simultaneously from urine with a simple liquid-liquid extraction at alkaline conditions. The analytes were subsequently analyzed by fast-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (fast-GC/MS) after derivatization. The use of a short column, high-flow carrier gas velocity and fast temperature ramping produced an efficient separation of all analytes in about 4 min, allowing a processing rate of 10 samples/h. The present analytical method was validated according to UNI EN ISO/IEC 17025 guidelines for qualitative methods. The range of investigated parameters included the limit of detection, selectivity, linearity, repeatability, robustness and extraction efficiency. High MS-sampling rate, using a benchtop quadrupole mass analyzer, resulted in accurate peak shape definition under both scan and selected ion monitoring modes, and high sensitivity in the latter mode. Therefore, the performances of the method are comparable to the ones obtainable from traditional GC/MS analysis. The method was successfully tested on real samples arising from clinical treatments of hospitalized patients and could profitably be used for clinical studies on anti-estrogenic drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gerace
- Centro Regionale Antidoping "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - A Salomone
- Centro Regionale Antidoping "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - G Abbadessa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - S Racca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - M Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P.Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
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