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Zheng K, Li M, Zhou S, Wang J, Gong Y, Zhang P, Ding C. Construction of chitosan-based thermosensitive composite hydrogels for recognizing and combined chemo-photodynamic elimination of Gram-negative bacterial infections. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125072. [PMID: 37245749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently, rapid acquisition of bacterial resistance and consequent slow healing of infected wounds threaten human life and health. In this study, chitosan-based hydrogels and nanocomplexes ZnPc(COOH)8:PMB composed of photosensitizer ZnPc(COOH)8 and antibiotic polymyxin B (PMB) were integrated into a thermosensitive antibacterial platform ZnPc(COOH)8:PMB@gel. Interestingly, fluorescence and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of ZnPc(COOH)8:PMB@gel can be triggered by E. coli bacteria at 37 °C, but not by S. aureus bacteria, which gave the potential to simultaneously detect and treat Gram-negative bacteria. The survival rate for a certain amount of E. coli bacteria treated with ZnPc(COOH)8:PMB (ZnPc(COOH)8 2 μM) was decreased by approximately fivefold than that with either ZnPc(COOH)8 or PMB alone, indicating combined antibacterial efficacy. ZnPc(COOH)8:PMB@gel facilitated the complete healing of wounds infected with E. coli bacteria in about seven days, while over 10 % wounds treated with ZnPc(COOH)8 or PMB remained unhealed on the 9th day. ZnPc(COOH)8:PMB resulted in a threefold increase of ZnPc(COOH)8 fluorescence in E. coli bacteria suggesting enhanced uptake of ZnPc(COOH)8 for the intervention of PMB on membrane permeability. The construction principle of the thermosensitive antibacterial platform and the combined antimicrobial strategy can be applied to other photosensitizers and antibiotics for detection and treatment of wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shangmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jinge Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Caifeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; Department of rehabilitation medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China.
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Fernández-Engroba J, Ferragut-Alegre Á, Oliva-Albaladejo G, de la Paz MF. In vitro evaluation of multiple antibacterial agents for the treatment of chronic staphylococcal anterior blepharitis. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed) 2023:S2173-5794(23)00077-4. [PMID: 37209719 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of several compounds used in the treatment of chronic staphylococcal anterior blepharitis through an in vitro study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Standard commercial strains of Staphylococcus aureus (SAu) (ATCC 25923 Culti-Loops) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (ATCC 12228 Culti-Loops) were cultured. Susceptibility tests were performed to vancomycin 30 μg, netilmicin 30 μg, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) 0.01% (Ocudox™, Brill®), Melaleuca alternifolia leaf oil (MeAl) (Navyblef® Daily Care, NOVAX ®) and 1% chlorhexidine digluconate (DGCH) (Cristalmina™, Salvat®) using the agar disk diffusion method (Rosco Neo-Sensitabs®). After 24 hours, the induced halos were measured with automatic calipers. The results were analyzed using the EUCAST- and CLSI potency Neo-Sensitabs® guidelines. RESULTS Vancomycin induced a halo of 22.37 mm and 21.81 mm in SAu and CoNS, respectively. Netilmicin produced halos of 24.45 mm in SAu and 32.49 mm in CoNS. MeAl induced halos of 12.65 mm in SAu and 15.83 mm in CoNS. A 12.11 mm halo was found in SAu and an 18.38 mm halo in CoNS using HOCl. DGCH produced halos of 26.55 mm and 23.12 mm in SAu and CoNS, respectively. CONCLUSION Netilmicin and vancomycin demonstrated antibiotic activity against both pathogens, so they can be alternative rescue therapies to treat chronic staphylococcal blepharitis. DGCH has efficacy against both comparable to antibiotics, while HOCl and MeAl show less efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fernández-Engroba
- Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Á Ferragut-Alegre
- Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - G Oliva-Albaladejo
- Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M F de la Paz
- Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Sainz-García A, Toledano P, Muro-Fraguas I, Álvarez-Erviti L, Múgica-Vidal R, López M, Sainz-García E, Rojo-Bezares B, Sáenz Y, Alba-Elías F. Mask disinfection using atmospheric pressure cold plasma. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 123:145-156. [PMID: 35995313 PMCID: PMC9389523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mask usage has increased over the last few years due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a mask shortage. Furthermore, their prolonged use causes skin problems related to bacterial overgrowth. To overcome these problems, atmospheric pressure cold plasma was studied as an alternative technology for mask disinfection. METHODS Different microorganisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp.), different gases (nitrogen, argon, and air), plasma power (90-300 W), and treatment times (45 seconds to 5 minutes) were tested. RESULTS The best atmospheric pressure cold plasma treatment was the one generated by nitrogen gas at 300 W and 1.5 minutes. Testing of breathing and filtering performance and microscopic and visual analysis after one and five plasma treatment cycles, highlighted that these treatments did not affect the morphology or functional capacity of the masks. CONCLUSION Considering the above, we strongly believe that atmospheric pressure cold plasma could be an inexpensive, eco-friendly, and sustainable mask disinfection technology enabling their reusability and solving mask shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sainz-García
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, C/ San José de Calasanz 31, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Paula Toledano
- Molecular Microbiology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), C/Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Ignacio Muro-Fraguas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, C/ San José de Calasanz 31, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Lydia Álvarez-Erviti
- Molecular Neurobiology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), C/Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Múgica-Vidal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, C/ San José de Calasanz 31, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - María López
- Molecular Microbiology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), C/Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Elisa Sainz-García
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, C/ San José de Calasanz 31, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rojo-Bezares
- Molecular Microbiology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), C/Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sáenz
- Molecular Microbiology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), C/Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain,Corresponding authors: Yolanda Sáenz, Molecular Microbiology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), c/ Piqueras 98, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain, Tel.: +34 941278868
| | - Fernando Alba-Elías
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, C/ San José de Calasanz 31, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain,Corresponding authors: Fernando Alba-Elías, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of La Rioja, c/ San José de Calasanz 31, 26004, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain, Tel.: +34 941299276
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Zheng H, Li H, Deng H, Fang W, Huang X, Qiao J, Tong Y. Near infrared light-responsive and drug-loaded black phosphorus nanosheets for antibacterial applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 214:112433. [PMID: 35278858 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The management of wound infection remain a major global challenge, effectively ablation of bacteria is of significant in fighting wound infectious diseases. Herein, black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) were successfully prepared by liquid phase exfoliation technology, and composite nanosheets (BPNSs@phy) were formed by loading antimicrobial physcion(Phy)via hydrophobic interaction. Studies have shown that BPNSs@phy has good stability and low cytotoxicity under physiological conditions. In addition, BPNSs@phy has excellent photothermal conversion ability. After the irradiation of 808 nm near-infrared light, the light energy is converted into heat to promote the release of physcion. Under the synergistic effect of photothermal therapy (PTT) and antibacterial agents, BPNSs@phy has an excellent bactericidal effect against S.aureus (99.7%) and P.aeruginosa (99.9%). This study is expected to provide a new strategy for the development of BPNSs based antibacterial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Hongxian Deng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Wenlan Fang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Xiting Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Jiuquan Qiao
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.
| | - Yan Tong
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.
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Mazzei R, Leonti M, Spadafora S, Patitucci A, Tagarelli G. A review of the antimicrobial potential of herbal drugs used in popular Italian medicine (1850s-1950s) to treat bacterial skin diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 250:112443. [PMID: 31790819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Before the advent of modern antibiotics, microbial infections were treated with herbal medicine or cauterization. Literature from the latter half of the nineteenth to the early mid-twentieth century, when antibiotics became widely available, arguably holds the most progressive information about herbal remedies to treat bacterial skin diseases. The corpus of literature produced in Italy during that period is not easily accessible and mostly out of print. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plant-based remedies utilized in popular Italian medicine to treat anthrax, boils, erysipelas, impetigo, pustules, and whitlow were sourced from literature indexed in and available through the National Library Service website of the Italian Libraries Network. The remedies are assessed for their antimicrobial potential based on a detailed search of the herbal drug species in scientific databases. RESULTS A considerable part of the reviewed recipes included specific excipients (41 out of 139) and others were produced with fresh plant material (48 out of 139). Out of the 52 identified herbal drug species used in popular Italian medicine against dermatologic infections, extracts of 43 were shown to have moderate in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSION The antibacterial activity of the extracts and pure compounds as reported in the reviewed literature is mostly based on in vitro assays and generally does not encourage follow up studies. The effectiveness of the reported recipes, which include fresh plant material and excipients can only be assessed through in vivo studies. Those remedies including herbal drugs with reported antimicrobial activity might have the potential as complementary therapies. The reviewed plant based antimicrobial recipes might serve as inspirations in the search for alternative topical antibacterial strategies and the search for their synergistic and potentiating ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalucia Mazzei
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, Via Cavour 4-6, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Marco Leonti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Santo Spadafora
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Dermatologia -Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Patitucci
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, Via Cavour 4-6, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tagarelli
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, Via Cavour 4-6, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
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Korkmaz M, Çetinkol Y, Korkmaz H, Batmaz T. Nasal Bacterial Colonization in Pediatric Epistaxis: The Role of Topical Antibacterial Treatment. Balkan Med J 2016; 33:212-5. [PMID: 27403392 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2015.151239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epistaxis is a common problem in childhood. It has been shown that children with recurrent epistaxis are more likely to have nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. It has been suggested that low-grade inflammation, crusting and increased vascularity due to bacterial colonization contributes to the development of epistaxis in children. AIMS This study aimed to investigate the nasal colonization and treatment outcome in pediatric epistaxis patients. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS Charts of the pediatric patients referred to our university hospital otolaryngology outpatient clinics for the evaluation of epistaxis were reviewed. The patients whose nasal cultures had been taken at the first clinical visit comprised the study group. RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria grown. The presence of crusting and hypervascularity was not dependent on the type of bacterial growth and there was no relation between hypervascularity and crusting of the nasal mucosa. Thirty-six patients were evaluated for the outcome analysis. Resolution of bleeding was not dependent on nasal colonization; in patients with colonization, there was no difference between topical antibacterial and non-antibacterial treatments. CONCLUSION Despite the high colonization rates, topical antibacterial treatment was not found superior to non-antibacterial treatment. Our study does not support the belief that bacterial colonization results in hypervascularity of the septal mucosa causing epistaxis since no relation was found between nasal colonization, hypervascularity and crusting. The role of bacterial colonization in pediatric epistaxis need to be further investigated and treatment protocols must be determined accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukadder Korkmaz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ordu University School of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Çetinkol
- Department of Microbiology, Ordu University School of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Hakan Korkmaz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ordu University School of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Timur Batmaz
- Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Ordu University Training and Research Hospital, Ordu, Turkey
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Usonis V, Ivaskevicius R, Diez-Domingo J, Esposito S, Falup-Pecurariu OG, Finn A, Rodrigues F, Spoulou V, Syrogiannopoulos GA, Greenberg D. Comparison between diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children in various medical centres across Europe with the United States, United Kingdom and the World Health Organization guidelines. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2016; 8:5. [PMID: 28702285 PMCID: PMC5469201 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-016-0005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to review the current status and usage of guidelines in the diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in European countries and to compare to established guidelines in the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and the World Health Organization (WHO). Methods A questionnaire was developed and distributed by the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Paediatric Research Initiative (CAP-PRI) working group and distributed to medical centres across Europe. Results Out of 19 European centres, 6 (31.6 %) used WHO guidelines (3 in combination with other guidelines), 5 (26.3 %) used national guidelines, and 5 (26.3 %) used local guidelines. Chest radiograph and complete blood count were the most common diagnostic examinations, while evaluation of clinical symptoms and laboratory tests varied significantly. Tachypnoea and chest recession were considered criteria for diagnosis in all three guidelines. In US and UK guidelines blood cultures, atypical bacterial and viral detection tests were recommended. In European centres in outpatient settings, amoxicillin was used in 16 (84 %) centers, clarithromycin in 9 (37 %) centers and azithromycin in 7 (47 %) centers, whereas in hospital settings antibiotic treatment varied widely. Amoxicillin is recommended as the first drug of choice for outpatient treatment in all guidelines. Conclusions Although local variations in clinical criteria, laboratory tests, and antibiotic resistance rates may necessitate some differences in standard empirical antibiotic regimens, there is considerable scope for standardisation across European centres for the diagnosis and treatment of CAP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s41479-016-0005-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Usonis
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Susanna Esposito
- Department of Maternal and Paediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Adam Finn
- Bristol Children's Vaccine Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues
- Infectious Diseases Unit & Emergency Service, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vana Spoulou
- First Department of Paediatrics, Agia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George A Syrogiannopoulos
- Department of Paediatrics, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - David Greenberg
- The Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health-Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Baier M, Janssen T, Wieler LH, Ehlbeck J, Knorr D, Schlüter O. Inactivation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 using cold atmospheric pressure plasma. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:275-9. [PMID: 25782617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
From cultivation to the end of the post-harvest chain, heat-sensitive fresh produce is exposed to a variety of sources of pathogenic microorganisms. If contaminated, effective gentle means of sanitation are necessary to reduce bacterial pathogen load below their infective dose. The occurrence of rare or new serotypes raises the question of their tenacity to inactivation processes. In this study the antibacterial efficiency of cold plasma by an atmospheric pressure plasma-jet was examined against the Shiga toxin-producing outbreak strain Escherichia coli O104:H4. Argon was transformed into non-thermal plasma at a power input of 8 W and a gas flow of 5 L min(-1). Basic tests were performed on polysaccharide gel discs, including the more common E. coli O157:H7 and non-pathogenic E. coli DSM 1116. At 5 mm treatment distance and 10(5) cfu cm(-2) initial bacterial count, plasma reduced E. coli O104:H4 after 60 s by 4.6 ± 0.6 log, E. coli O157:H7 after 45 s by 4.5 ± 0.6 log, and E. coli DSM 1116 after 30 s by 4.4 ± 1.1 log. On the surface of corn salad leaves, gentle plasma application at 17 mm reduced 10(4) cfu cm(-2) of E. coli O104:H4 by 3.3 ± 1.1 log after 2 min, whereas E. coli O157:H7 was inactivated by 3.2 ± 1.1 log after 60 s. In conclusion, plasma treatment has the potential to reduce pathogens such as E. coli O104:H4 on the surface of fresh produce. However, a serotype-specific adaptation of the process parameters is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Baier
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam-Bornim, Germany
| | - Traute Janssen
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar H Wieler
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Ehlbeck
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dietrich Knorr
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Food Process Engineering, Berlin University of Technology, Königin-Luise-Straße 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Schlüter
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam-Bornim, Germany.
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Stein R, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P, Kočvara R, Nijman RJM, Radmayr C, Tekgül S. Urinary tract infections in children: EAU/ESPU guidelines. Eur Urol 2014; 67:546-58. [PMID: 25477258 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In 30% of children with urinary tract anomalies, urinary tract infection (UTI) can be the first sign. Failure to identify patients at risk can result in damage to the upper urinary tract. OBJECTIVE To provide recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and imaging of children presenting with UTI. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The recommendations were developed after a review of the literature and a search of PubMed and Embase. A consensus decision was adopted when evidence was low. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS UTIs are classified according to site, episode, symptoms, and complicating factors. For acute treatment, site and severity are the most important. Urine sampling by suprapubic aspiration or catheterisation has a low contamination rate and confirms UTI. Using a plastic bag to collect urine, a UTI can only be excluded if the dipstick is negative for both leukocyte esterase and nitrite or microscopic analysis is negative for both pyuria and bacteriuria. A clean voided midstream urine sample after cleaning the external genitalia has good diagnostic accuracy in toilet-trained children. In children with febrile UTI, antibiotic treatment should be initiated as soon as possible to eradicate infection, prevent bacteraemia, improve outcome, and reduce the likelihood of renal involvement. Ultrasound of the urinary tract is advised to exclude obstructive uropathy. Depending on sex, age, and clinical presentation, vesicoureteral reflux should be excluded. Antibacterial prophylaxis is beneficial. In toilet-trained children, bladder and bowel dysfunction needs to be excluded. CONCLUSIONS The level of evidence is high for the diagnosis of UTI and treatment in children but not for imaging to identify patients at risk for upper urinary tract damage. PATIENT SUMMARY In these guidelines, we looked at the diagnosis, treatment, and imaging of children with urinary tract infection. There are strong recommendations on diagnosis and treatment; we also advise exclusion of obstructive uropathy within 24h and later vesicoureteral reflux, if indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Stein
- Division of Paediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Mainz University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Hasan S Dogan
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Division of Paediatric Urology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Piet Hoebeke
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Radim Kočvara
- Department of Urology, General Teaching Hospital in Praha, and Charles University 1st Faculty of Medicine, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Rien J M Nijman
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Radmayr
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Serdar Tekgül
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Division of Paediatric Urology, Ankara, Turkey
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