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Koch W, Wawruszak A, Kukula-Koch W, Zdziebło M, Helon P, Almarhoon ZM, Al-Omari B, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J. Exploring the therapeutic efficacy of crocetin in oncology: an evidence-based review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2024; 397:1455-1476. [PMID: 37736836 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
With cancer being a leading cause of death globally, there is an urgent need to improve therapeutic strategies and identify effective chemotherapeutics. This study aims to highlight the potential of crocetin, a natural product derived from certain plants, as an anticancer agent. It was conducted an extensive review of the existing literature to gather and analyze the most recent data on the chemical properties of crocetin and its observed effects in various in vitro and in vivo studies. The study particularly focused on studies that examined crocetin's impact on cell cycle dynamics, apoptosis, caspases and antioxidant enzyme levels, tumor angiogenesis, inflammation, and overall tumor growth. Crocetin exhibited diverse anti-tumorigenic activities including inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis induction, angiogenesis suppression, and potentiation of chemotherapy. Multiple cellular and molecular pathways such as the PI3K/Akt, MAPK and NF-κB were modulated by it. Crocetin demonstrates promising anti-cancer properties and offers potential as an adjunctive or alternative therapy in oncology. More large-scale, rigorously designed clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic protocols and ascertain the comprehensive benefits and safety profile of crocetin in diverse cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Koch
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Wawruszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zdziebło
- Branch in Sandomierz, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Schinzla 13a Str, 27-600, Sandomierz, Poland
| | - Paweł Helon
- Branch in Sandomierz, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Schinzla 13a Str, 27-600, Sandomierz, Poland
| | - Zainab M Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basem Al-Omari
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
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2
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Bala R, Madaan R, Chauhan S, Gupta M, Dubey AK, Zahoor I, Brijesh H, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J. Revitalizing allicin for cancer therapy: advances in formulation strategies to enhance bioavailability, stability, and clinical efficacy. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2024; 397:703-724. [PMID: 37615709 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this review is to highlight the therapeutic potential of allicin, a defense molecule in garlic known for its diverse health benefits, and address the key challenges of its bioavailability and stability. The research further aims to evaluate various formulation strategies and nanotechnology-based delivery systems that can resolve these issues and improve allicin's clinical efficacy, especially in cancer therapy. We conducted a comprehensive review of the available literature and previous studies, focusing on the therapeutic properties of allicin, its bioavailability, stability issues, and novel formulation strategies. We assessed the mechanism of action of allicin in cancer, including its effects on signaling pathways, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, and tumor development. We also evaluated the outcomes of both in vitro and in vivo studies on different types of cancers, such as breast, cervical, colon, lung, and gastric cancer. Despite allicin's significant therapeutic benefits, including cardiovascular, antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, and immune-modulatory activity, its clinical utility is limited due to poor stability and unpredictable bioavailability. Allicin's bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract is dependent on the activity of the enzyme alliinase, and its stability can be affected by various conditions like gastric acid and intestinal enzyme proteases. Recent advances in formulation strategies and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems show promise in addressing these challenges, potentially improving allicin's solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Allicin offers substantial potential for cancer therapy, yet its application is hindered by its instability and poor bioavailability. Novel formulation strategies and nanotechnology-based delivery systems can significantly overcome these limitations, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of allicin. Future research should focus on refining these formulation strategies and delivery systems, ensuring the safety and efficacy of these new allicin formulations. Clinical trials and long-term studies should be carried out to determine the optimal dosage, assess potential side effects, and evaluate their real-world applicability. The comparative analysis of different drug delivery approaches and the development of targeted delivery systems can also provide further insight into enhancing the therapeutic potential of allicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Bala
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Reecha Madaan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Samrat Chauhan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Malika Gupta
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Dubey
- iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation, New Delhi, India
- Institute of Scholars, Chikmagalur, India
| | - Ishrat Zahoor
- Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Hemavathi Brijesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
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Tshikhudo PP, Mabhaudhi T, Koorbanally NA, Mudau FN, Avendaño Caceres EO, Popa D, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J. Anticancer Potential of β-Carboline Alkaloids: An Updated Mechanistic Overview. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301263. [PMID: 38108650 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
his comprehensive review is designed to evaluate the anticancer properties of β-carbolines derived from medicinal plants, with the ultimate goal of assessing their suitability and potential in cancer treatment, management, and prevention. An exhaustive literature survey was conducted on a wide array of β-carbolines including, but not limited to, harmaline, harmine, harmicine, harman, harmol, harmalol, pinoline, tetrahydroharmine, tryptoline, cordysinin C, cordysinin D, norharmane, and perlolyrine. Various analytical techniques were employed to identify and screen these compounds, followed by a detailed analysis of their anticancer mechanisms. Natural β-carbolines such as harmaline and harmine have shown promising inhibitory effects on the growth of cancer cells, as evidenced by multiple in vitro and in vivo studies. Synthetically derived β-carbolines also displayed noteworthy anticancer, neuroprotective, and cognitive-enhancing effects. The current body of research emphasizes the potential of β-carbolines as a unique source of bioactive compounds for cancer treatment. The diverse range of β-carbolines derived from medicinal plants can offer valuable insights into the development of new therapeutic strategies for cancer management and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phumudzo P Tshikhudo
- Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Directorate Plant Health, Division Pest Risk Analysis, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Neil A Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Fhatuwani N Mudau
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Edgardo Oscar Avendaño Caceres
- Departamento de quimica e ingenieria Quimica, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann. Avenida Miraflores s/n, Tacna, 23001, Perú
| | - Dragos Popa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
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Paunovic D, Rajkovic J, Novakovic R, Grujic-Milanovic J, Mekky RH, Popa D, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J. The potential roles of gossypol as anticancer agent: advances and future directions. Chin Med 2023; 18:163. [PMID: 38098026 PMCID: PMC10722855 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gossypol, a polyphenolic aldehyde derived from cottonseed plants, has seen a transformation in its pharmaceutical application from a male contraceptive to a candidate for cancer therapy. This shift is supported by its recognized antitumor properties, which have prompted its investigation in the treatment of various cancers and related inflammatory conditions. This review synthesizes the current understanding of gossypol as an anticancer agent, focusing on its pharmacological mechanisms, strategies to enhance its clinical efficacy, and the status of ongoing clinical evaluations.The methodological approach to this review involved a systematic search across several scientific databases including the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), PubMed/MedLine, Google Scholar, Scopus, and TRIP. Studies were meticulously chosen to cover various aspects of gossypol, from its chemical structure and natural sources to its pharmacokinetics and confirmed anticancer efficacy. Specific MeSH terms and keywords related to gossypol's antineoplastic applications guided the search strategy.Results from selected pharmacological studies indicate that gossypol inhibits the Bcl-2 family of anti-apoptotic proteins, promoting apoptosis in tumor cells. Clinical trials, particularly phase I and II, reveal gossypol's promise as an anticancer agent, demonstrating efficacy and manageable toxicity profiles. The review identifies the development of gossypol derivatives and novel carriers as avenues to enhance therapeutic outcomes and mitigate adverse effects.Conclusively, gossypol represents a promising anticancer agent with considerable therapeutic potential. However, further research is needed to refine gossypol-based therapies, explore combination treatments, and verify their effectiveness across cancer types. The ongoing clinical trials continue to support its potential, suggesting a future where gossypol could play a significant role in cancer treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Paunovic
- Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Rajkovic
- Institute for Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radmila Novakovic
- Center for Genome Sequencing and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11042, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelica Grujic-Milanovic
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department for Cardiovascular Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Reham Hassan Mekky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, 11829, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Dragos Popa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
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Li GQ, Gao SX, Wang FH, Kang L, Tang ZY, Ma XD. Anticancer mechanisms on pyroptosis induced by Oridonin: New potential targeted therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115019. [PMID: 37329709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a type of inflammatory cell death that is triggered by the formation of pores on the cell membrane by gasdermin (GSDM) family proteins. This process activates inflammasomes and leads to the maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, has been found to be associated with various biomolecules such as caspases, granzymes, non-coding RNA (lncRNA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3). These biomolecules have been shown to play a dual role in cancer by affecting cell proliferation, metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in both tumor promotion and anti-tumor effects. Recent studies have found that Oridonin (Ori) has anti-tumor effects by regulating pyroptosis through various pathways. Ori can inhibit pyroptosis by inhibiting caspase-1, which is responsible for activating pyroptosis of the canonical pathway. Additionally, Ori can inhibit pyroptosis by inhibiting NLRP3, which is responsible for activating pyroptosis of the noncanonical pathway. Interestingly, Ori can also activate pyroptosis by activating caspase-3 and caspase-8, which are responsible for activating pyroptosis of the emerging pathway; Ori has been found to be effective in inhibiting pyroptosis by blocking the action of perforin, which is responsible for facilitating the entry of granzyme into cells and activating pyroptosis. Additionally, Ori plays a crucial role in regulating pyroptosis by promoting the accumulation of ROS while inhibiting the ncRNA and NLRP3 pathways. It is worth noting that all of these pathways ultimately regulate pyroptosis by influencing the cleavage of GSDM, which is a key factor in the process. These studies concludes that Ori has extensive anti-cancer effects that are related to its potential regulatory function on pyroptosis. The paper summarizes several potential ways in which Ori participates in the regulation of pyroptosis, providing a reference for further study on the relationship between Ori, pyroptosis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Qiang Li
- Pharmacy school, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shi Xiang Gao
- Pharmacy school, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Fu Han Wang
- Pharmacy school, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Affiliated Fudan University, Shang Hai 200030, PR China.
| | - Ze Yao Tang
- Pharmacy school, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Xiao Dong Ma
- Pharmacy school, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China.
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6
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Posadino AM, Giordo R, Ramli I, Zayed H, Nasrallah GK, Wehbe Z, Eid AH, Gürer ES, Kennedy JF, Aldahish AA, Calina D, Razis AFA, Modu B, Habtemariam S, Sharifi-Rad J, Pintus G, Cho WC. An updated overview of cyanidins for chemoprevention and cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114783. [PMID: 37121149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are colored polyphenolic compounds that belong to the flavonoids family and are largely present in many vegetables and fruits. They have been used in traditional medicine in many cultures for a long time. The most common and abundant anthocyanins are those presenting an O-glycosylation at C-3 (C ring) of the flavonoid skeleton to form -O-β-glucoside derivatives. The present comprehensive review summarized recent data on the anticancer properties of cyanidings along with natural sources, phytochemical data, traditional medical applications, molecular mechanisms and recent nanostrategies to increase the bioavailability and anticancer effects of cyanidins. For this analysis, in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies published up to the year 2022 were sourced from scientific databases and search engines such as PubMed/Medline, Google scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley and TRIP database. Cyanidins' antitumor properties are exerted during different stages of carcinogenesis and are based on a wide variety of biological activities. The data gathered and discussed in this review allows for affirming that cyanidins have relevant anticancer activity in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Future research should focus on studies that bring new data on improving the bioavailability of anthocyanins and on conducting detailed translational pharmacological studies to accurately establish the effective anticancer dose in humans as well as the correct route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberta Giordo
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 505055 Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iman Ramli
- Département de Biologie Animale, Université des frères Mentouri Constantine 1, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zena Wehbe
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Research Institute, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eda Sönmez Gürer
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Sivas, Turkey
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories, Advanced Science and Technology Institute, Kyrewood House, Tenbury Wells, Worcs WR15 8FF, UK
| | - Afaf Ahmed Aldahish
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Babagana Modu
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, 1069 Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | | | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Ijaz S, Iqbal J, Abbasi BA, Ullah Z, Yaseen T, Kanwal S, Mahmood T, Sydykbayeva S, Ydyrys A, Almarhoon ZM, Sharifi-Rad J, Hano C, Calina D, Cho WC. Rosmarinic acid and its derivatives: Current insights on anticancer potential and other biomedical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114687. [PMID: 37062215 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still the leading cause of death worldwide, burdening the global medical system. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is among the first secondary metabolites discovered and it is a bioactive compound identified in plants such as Boraginaceae and Nepetoideae subfamilies of the Lamiaceae family, including Thymus masticmasti chinaythia koreana, Ocimum sanctum, and Hyptis pectinate. This updated review is to highlight the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of RA and its derivatives, thus providing valuable clues for the potential development of some complementary drugs in the treatment of cancers. Relevant information about RA's chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects and its derivatives were collected from electronic scientific databases, such as PubMed/Medline, Scopus, TRIP database, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The results of the studies showed numerous significant biological effects such as antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, antioxidant and antiangiogenic effects. Most of the studies on the anticancer potential with the corresponding mechanisms are still in the experimental preclinical stage and are missing evidence from clinical trials to support the research. To open new anticancer therapeutic perspectives of RA and its derivatives, future clinical studies must elucidate the molecular mechanisms and targets of action in more detail, the human toxic potential and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Ijaz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi
- Department of Botany, Rawalpindi Women University, 6th Road, Satellite Town, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Tabassum Yaseen
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Kanwal
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sandugash Sydykbayeva
- Higher School of Natural Sciences, Zhetysu University named after I.Zhansugurov, 040009 Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan
| | - Alibek Ydyrys
- Biomedical Research Centre, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi ave. 71, 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Zainab M Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie Des Ligneux Et Des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328 Université ď Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex2, France.
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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8
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Prasher P, Sharma M, Sharma AK, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D, Hano C, Cho WC. Key oncologic pathways inhibited by Erinacine A: A perspective for its development as an anticancer molecule. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114332. [PMID: 36736282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the modern era, cancer can be controlled by chemotherapy treatment, and in many situations a stable disease is obtained. The significant clinical success and subsequent commercialization of naturally derived molecules have further encouraged their exploration as adjunctive therapies in cancer management. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to update the anticancer mechanisms triggered by Erinacine A and regulation of signaling pathways potentially involved in its anticancer activity.The results of preclinical research showed that Erinacin A, a therapeutically important biological metabolite isolated from the basidiomycete fungus Hericium erinaceus offers a multitude of possible chemotherapeutic applications by regulating complex signaling pathways as validated by various pharmacological in vitro and in vivo studies. As a result of Erinacin A's action on oncological signaling pathways, it resulted in induction of apoptosis, reduction of proliferation, invasiveness, generation of oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun 248007, India.
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Arcadia Grant, Dehradun 248007, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun 248007, India.
| | | | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie Des Ligneux Et Des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328 Université ď Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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9
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Ozkan G, Günal-Köroğlu D, Karadag A, Capanoglu E, Cardoso SM, Al-Omari B, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J, Cho WC. A mechanistic updated overview on lycopene as potential anticancer agent. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114428. [PMID: 36841029 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The potent relation between lycopene intake and reduced incidence of a variety of cancers has an increasing interest. This comprehensive review aims to highlight the in vivo and in vitro research evaluating the anticancer mechanisms of lycopene by underlining the experiment conditions. In addition to these, the general characterization of lycopene has been explained. A collection of relevant scientific pharmacological articles from the following databases PubMed/MedLine, Web of Science, Scopus, TRIP database, and Google Scholar on the mechanisms of anticancer molecular action and cellular effects of lycopene in various types of tumors was performed. The anticancer potential of lycopene has been described by various in vitro cells, animal studies, and some clinical trials. It has been revealed that the anticancer potential of lycopene is mainly due to its powerful singlet-oxygen quencher characteristics, simulation of detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes production, initiation of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression as well as modulations of gap junctional communication, the growth factors, and signal transduction pathways. It has been highlighted that the anticancer properties of lycopene are primarily linked to factors including; dose, presence of drug delivery systems, type of cancer, tumor size, and treatment time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulay Ozkan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Günal-Köroğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Karadag
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Susana M Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Basem Al-Omari
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | | | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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10
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Motyka S, Jafernik K, Ekiert H, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D, Al-Omari B, Szopa A, Cho WC. Podophyllotoxin and its derivatives: Potential anticancer agents of natural origin in cancer chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114145. [PMID: 36586242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of plant secondary metabolites has gained considerable attention among clinicians in the prevention and treatment of cancer. A secondary metabolite isolated mainly from the roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum species (Berberidaceae) is aryltetralin lignan - podophyllotoxin (PTOX). The purpose of this review is to discuss the therapeutic properties of PTOX as an important anticancer compound of natural origin. The relevant information regarding the antitumor mechanisms of podophyllotoxin and its derivatives were collected and analyzed from scientific databases. The results of the analysis showed PTOX exhibits potent cytotoxic activity; however, it cannot be used in its pure form due to its toxicity and generation of many side effects. Therefore, it practically remains clinically unusable. Currently, high effort is focused on attempts to synthesize analogs of PTOX that have better properties for therapeutic use e.g. etoposide (VP-16), teniposide, etopophos. PTOX derivatives are used as anticancer drugs which are showing additional immunosuppressive, antiviral, antioxidant, hypolipemic, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, attention is paid to the high potential of the usefulness of in vitro cultures of P. peltatum which can be a valuable source of lignans, including PTOX. In conclusion, the preclinical pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo confirm the anticancer and chemotherapeutic potential of PTOX and its derivatives. In the future, clinical studies on human subjects are needed to certify the antitumor effects and the anticancer mechanisms to be certified and analyzed in more detail and to validate the experimental pharmacological preclinical studies.
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11
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Varela C, Melim C, Neves BG, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D, Mamurova A, Cabral C. Cucurbitacins as potential anticancer agents: new insights on molecular mechanisms. J Transl Med 2022; 20:630. [PMID: 36585670 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, plants have been an extensive reservoir of bioactive compounds with therapeutic interest for new drug development and clinical application. Cucurbitacins are a compelling example of these drug leads, primarily present in the plant kingdom, especially in the Cucurbitaceae family. However, these natural compounds are also known in several genera within other plant families. Beyond the Cucurbitaceae family, they are also present in other plant families, as well as in some fungi and one shell-less marine mollusc. Despite the natural abundance of cucurbitacins in different natural species, their obtaining and isolation is limited, as a result, an increase in their chemical synthesis has been developed by researchers. Data on cucurbitacins and their anticancer activities were collected from databases such as PubMed/MedLine, TRIP database, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect and the information was arranged sequentially for a better understanding of the antitumor potential. The results of the studies showed that cucurbitacins have significant biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimalarial, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and antitumor potential. In conclusion, there are several studies, both in vitro and in vivo reporting this important anticancer/chemopreventive potential; hence a comprehensive review on this topic is recommended for future clinical research.
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12
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Sun F, Wang H, Nie J, Hong B. Repurposing disulfiram as a chemo-therapeutic sensitizer: molecular targets and mechanisms. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2920-2926. [PMID: 35430981 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666220415102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, chemo-therapy is still the main strategy for cancer treatment. However, chemo-therapy resistance remains its main challenge. Disulfiram [DSF] is a drug approved by FDA for the treatment of alcohol addiction, but it is later discovered that it has the anticancer activity. Importantly, there have been many literatures reporting that DSF can be used as a chemo-therapeutic sensitizer to enhance the anticancer activity of chemo-drugs in a variety of cancers. Furthermore, the combinations of DSF and chemo-drugs have been tested in clinic trials. In the review, we summarized the possible molecular targets and mechanisms of DSF to reverse chemo-resistance. We also further discussed the opportunities and challenges of DSF as a chemo-therapeutic sensitizer. In conclusion, DSF could be a potential repurposed drug to sensitize cancer cells to chemo-therapy in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jinfu Nie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
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13
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Tang YT, Li Y, Chu P, Ma XD, Tang ZY, Sun ZL. Molecular biological mechanism of action in cancer therapies: Juglone and its derivatives, the future of development. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112785. [PMID: 35272138 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Juglone (5 - hydroxy - 1, 4 - naphthalene diketone) is a kind of natural naphthoquinone, present in the roots, leaves, nut-hulls, bark and wood of walnut trees. Recent studies have found that Juglone has special significance in the treatment of cancer, which plays a significant role in the resistance of cancer cell proliferation, induction of cancer cell apoptosis, induction of autophagy, anti-angiogenesis and inhibition of cancer cell migration and invasion, etc. Additionally, its derivatives also play a tumor suppressive effect. In conclusion, Juglone and its derivatives have been identified as effective anticancer drugs. This paper reviews action mechanisms of Juglone and its derivatives in cancer treatment.
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Fu DJ, Zhang YF, Chang AQ, Li J. β-Lactams as promising anticancer agents: Molecular hybrids, structure activity relationships and potential targets. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112510. [PMID: 32592915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
β-Lactam, commonly referred as azetidin-2-one, is a multifunctional building block for synthesizing β-amino ketones, γ-amino alcohols, and other compounds. Besides its well known antibiotic activity, this ring system exhibits a wide range of activities, attracting the attention of researchers. However, the structurally diverse β-lactam analogues as anticancer agents and their different molecular targets are poorly discussed. The purpose of this review is 3-fold: (1) to explore the molecular hybridization approach to design β-lactams hybrids as anticancer agents; (2) the structure activity relationship of the most active anticancer β-lactams and (3) to summarize their antitumor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun Fu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Feng Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Qi Chang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Ding M, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yuan W, Zhang H, Xu L, Wang Z, Lu J, Li W, Zhao Y. New perspective on the metabolism of AD-1 in vivo: Characterization of a series of dammarane-type derivatives with novel metabolic sites and anticancer mechanisms of active oleanane-type metabolites. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102961. [PMID: 31075741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
20(R)-25-methoxyl-dammarane-3β,12β,20-triol (AD-1, CN Patent: 201010107476.7) is a novel derivative of dammarane-type ginsenoside. AD-1 has been shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation without significant host toxicity in vivo, and has excellent development potential as a new anti-cancer agent. This study was designed systematically to explore the metabolic pathway of ginseng sapogenins. The metabolism of drugs in the body is a complex biotransformation process where drugs are structurally modified to different molecules (metabolites) through various metabolizing enzymes. The compounds responsible for the effects of orally administered ginseng are believed to be metabolites produced in the gastrointestinal tract, so understanding the metabolism of the drug candidate can help to optimize its pharmacokinetics. In this study, faeces samples were collected and extracted after oral administration of AD-1. The 16 metabolites of AD-1 were isolated and identified for the first time with various chromatographic techniques, including semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry; of these 16 metabolites, 10 were novel compounds. We first discovered the biotransformation of dammarane-type sapogenins into oleanane-type sapogenins in rats and found a series of metabolites that changed, mainly at C-25 and C-29. This study provides new ideas for the metabolic pathway of ginseng sapogenins. The isolated compounds were screened for their effect on the viability and proliferation against cancer cell lines (Human A549, MCF-7, HELA, HO-8901 and U87). The discovery of novel active metabolites 3β,12β,21α,22β-Hydroxy-24-norolean-12-ene (M6) may lead to a new or improved drug candidate. For one, M6 could inhibit the growth of all the tested cancer cells. Among the tested cell lines, M6 exhibited the most remarkable inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer HO-8901 cells, with IC50 value of 2.086 μM. On this basis, we studied the anticancer mechanisms of M6. The results indicated that the pro-apoptotic feature of M6 acts via a mitochondrial pathway. Our results indicated that M6 exhibited a higher inhibitory effect on cancer-cell proliferation than AD-1 by inducing cell apoptosis. Our work provides data for future investigations on the metabolic mechanism of AD-1 in vivo and the potential for future research on developing a new drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ding
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xude Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weihui Yuan
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huixing Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Jincai Lu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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16
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Chen S, Dong G, Wu S, Liu N, Zhang W, Sheng C. Novel fluorescent probes of 10-hydroxyevodiamine: autophagy and apoptosis-inducing anticancer mechanisms. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:144-156. [PMID: 30766786 PMCID: PMC6361730 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural product evodiamine and its derivatives represent a promising class of multi-target antitumor agents. However, the clinical development of these compounds has been hampered by a poor understanding of their antitumor mechanisms. To tackle this obstacle, herein, novel fluorescent probes were designed to elucidate the antitumor mode of action of 10-hydroxyevodiamine. This compound was proven to be distributed in the mitochondria and lysosomes and to act by autophagy and apoptosis mechanisms.
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Key Words
- 10-Hydroxyevodiamine
- 3MA, 3-methyladenine
- Anticancer mechanisms
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- Boc, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate
- CCK8, cell counting kit-8
- DMAP, 4-dimethylaminopyridine
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
- Fluorescent probes
- HBTU, O-benzotriazole-N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluorophosphate
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- NPs, natural products
- TEA, trimethylamine
- TFA, trifluoroacetic acid
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17
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El Sayed SM, Baghdadi H, Ahmed NS, Almaramhy HH, Mahmoud AA, El-Sawy SA, Ayat M, Elshazley M, Abdel-Aziz W, Abdel-Latif HM, Ibrahim W, Aboonq MS. Dichloroacetate is an antimetabolite that antagonizes acetate and deprives cancer cells from its benefits: A novel evidence-based medical hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2019; 122:206-9. [PMID: 30593413 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a promising safe anticancer drug that cured a patient with chemoresistant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and treated lactic acidosis effectively. The well-known mechanism of DCA action is through stimulating Krebs cycle (stimulating pyruvate dehydrogenase via inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase). This prevents lactate formation (Warburg effect) depriving cancer cells of lactate-based benefits e.g. angiogenesis, chemoresistance and radioresistance. Here, we introduce novel evidence-based hypotheses to explain DCA-induced anticancer effects. On pharmacological and biochemical bases, we hypothesize that DCA is a structural antagonist of acetate competing with it for target enzymes and biological reactions. We hypothesize that DCA exerts its anticancer effects via depriving cancer of acetate benefits. We hypothesize also that acetate is an antidote of DCA capable of treating DCA toxicity. Many reports support our hypotheses. Acetate is vital for cancer cells (tumors depend on acetate) and DCA is structurally similar to acetate. DCA exerts opposite effects to acetate. Acetate caused a decrease in serum potassium, phosphorus and glucose, and an increase in serum lactate, citrate, free fatty acids and ketone bodies (serum acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels). Acetate decreased the proportion of active (dephosphorylated) pyruvate dehydrogenase in perfused rat heart. DCA produced quite opposite effects. Intravenous infusion of acetate produced metabolic alkalemia while DCA caused minimal effects on acid-base status. Acetate is important for cancer cells metabolism and survival as elevated acetate can drive resistance to targeted cancer treatments. Acetate is required for epidermal growth factor receptor vIII mutation in lethal brain tumors. Experimentally, DCA inhibited acetate oxidation in hearts of normal rats and reversed inhibitory effects of acetate on the oxidation of glucose. During presence of DCA with no glucose in heart perfusions with [1-14C]acetate, DCA decreased the specific radioactivity of acetyl CoA and its product citrate. This proves our hypotheses that DCA is an antimetabolite that antagonizes acetate for vital reactions in cancer cells. Acetate may be used as an antidote to combat DCA toxicity.
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Martínez VR, Aguirre MV, Todaro JS, Piro OE, Echeverría GA, Ferrer EG, Williams PAM. Azilsartan and its Zn(II) complex. Synthesis, anticancer mechanisms of action and binding to bovine serum albumin. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 48:205-220. [PMID: 29408668 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Azilsartan is the eighth approved member of angiotensin II receptor blockers for hypertension treatment. Considering that some drugs have additional effects when administered, we studied its effects and mechanisms of action on a human lung cancer cell line A549. We have also modified the structure of the drug by complexation with Zn(II) cation and assayed the anticancer effect. The crystal structure of the new binuclear Zn(II) complex, for short [Zn2(azil)2(H2O)4]·2H2O (ZnAzil), was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The zinc ions are bridged by azilsartan ligands through their carboxylate oxygen and oxadiazol nitrogen atoms. The compounds were examined for their cytotoxic effects against human lung fibroblast (MRC5) and human lung cancer (A549) cell lines. Azilsartan displayed low cytotoxic effects at 150 μM concentrations in A549 human lung cancer cells but the higher effect measured for the Zn complex suggested that this compound may act as an anticancer agent. An apoptotic oxidative stress mechanism of action via the mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic pathway has been determined. Besides, the compounds exerted weak cytotoxic effects in the normal lung related cell line MRC5. Binding constants of the complex formed between each compound and bovine serum albumin (BSA) are in the intermediate range, hence suggesting that azilsartan and ZnAzil could be bonded and transported by BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria R Martínez
- Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR-CONICET-UNLP), 120 N° 1465, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María V Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Facultad de Medicina, UNNE, Moreno 1240, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Juan S Todaro
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Facultad de Medicina, UNNE, Moreno 1240, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Oscar E Piro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y IFLP (CONICET, CCT La Plata), C.C. 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Echeverría
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y IFLP (CONICET, CCT La Plata), C.C. 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Evelina G Ferrer
- Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR-CONICET-UNLP), 120 N° 1465, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia A M Williams
- Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR-CONICET-UNLP), 120 N° 1465, La Plata, Argentina.
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Cabrales P, Scicinski J, Reid T, Kuypers F, Larkin S, Fens M, Oronsky A, Oronsky B. A look inside the mechanistic black box: Are red blood cells the critical effectors of RRx-001 cytotoxicity? Med Oncol 2016; 33:63. [PMID: 27229330 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of epi-immunotherapeutic anticancer agent RRx-001 in cancer has been validated with preclinical and clinical studies, since RRx-001 has successfully completed a phase 1 trial and multiple single-agent and combination phase 2 trials with preliminary evidence of promising activity are underway. Previous experimental work has implicated diverse anticancer mechanisms such as oxidative stress, ATP and NADPH depletion, anti-angiogenesis and epigenetic modulation in the overall antitumor effect of RRx-001. The hypothesis of this study was that the RRx-001 red blood cells are the essential and de facto intermediaries responsible for the reprograming of tumor behavior via transfer of their intracellular and membrane contents. To test this hypothesis, and thereby resolve the "black box" incompleteness in the continuity of the mechanism, the fate of red blood cells incubated with RRx-001 was explored in vitro and in vivo both in healthy animals and in tumor-bearing mice. The collective results establish that RRx-001-derivatized red blood cells are the critical "missing links" to explain the specificity and anticancer activity of RRx-001, including its immunomodulatory effects on tumor-associated macrophages. These experimental results delineate a novel erythrocyte-based mechanism without precedent in the annals of oncology and open the door to rational combination strategies with RRx-001 both in cancer therapy and beyond, particularly in disease states that affect red blood cell and vascular function such as malaria, leishmaniasis, sickle-cell disease and hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jan Scicinski
- EpicentRx, Inc., 800 W El Camino Real, Suite 180, Mountain View, CA, 94040, USA
| | - Tony Reid
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Frans Kuypers
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Sandra Larkin
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Marcel Fens
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | | | - Bryan Oronsky
- EpicentRx, Inc., 800 W El Camino Real, Suite 180, Mountain View, CA, 94040, USA.
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