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Rasool M, Mazhar D, Afzal I, Zeb A, Khan S, Ali H. In vitro and in vivo characterization of Miconazole Nitrate loaded transethosomes for the treatment of Cutaneous Candidiasis. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123563. [PMID: 37907141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to fabricate Miconazole Nitrate transethosomes (MCZN TESs) embedded in chitosan-based gel for the topical treatment of Cutaneous Candidiasis. A thin film hydration method was employed to formulate MCZN TESs. The prepared MCZN TESs were optimized and analyzed for their physicochemical properties including particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (%EE), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), deformability, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro release, skin permeation and deposition, skin irritation, antifungal assay, and in vivo efficacy against infected rats were evaluated. The optimized MCZN TESs showed PS of 224.8 ± 5.1 nm, ZP 21.1 ± 1.10 mV, PDI 0.207 ± 0.009, and % EE 94.12 ± 0.101 % with sustained drug release profile. Moreover, MCZN TESs Gel exhibited desirable pH, spreadability, and viscosity. Notably, the penetration and deposition capabilities of MCZN TESs Gel showed a 4-fold enhancement compared to MCZN TESs. Importantly, in vitro antifungal assay elaborated MCZN TESs Gel anti-fungal activity was 2.38-fold more compared to MCZN Gel. In vivo, studies showed a 1.5 times reduction in the duration of treatment MCZN TESs Gel treated animal group. Therefore, studies demonstrated that MCZN TESs could be a suitable drug delivery system with higher penetration and good antifungal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Danish Mazhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Afzal
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Zeb
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Hussain Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Iqbal A, Khan RS. Snakins: antimicrobial potential and prospects of genetic engineering for enhanced disease resistance in plants. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8683-8690. [PMID: 37578577 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Snakins of the Snakin/Gibberellic Acid Stimulated in Arabidopsis (GASA) family are short sequenced peptides consisting of three different regions: a C-terminal GASA domain, an N-terminal signal sequence and a variable region. The GASA domain is comprised of 12 conserved cysteine residues responsible for the structural stability of the peptide. Snakins are playing a variety of roles in response to various biotic stresses such as bacterial, fungal, and nematodes infections and abiotic stress like water scarcity, saline condition, and reactive oxygen species. These properties make snakins very effective biotechnological tools for possible therapeutic and agricultural applications. This review was attempted to highlight and summarize the antifungal and antibacterial potential of snakins, also emphasizing their sequence characteristics, distributions, expression patterns and biological activities. In addition, further details of transgene expression in various plant species for enhanced fungal and bacterial resistance is also discussed, with special emphasis on their potential applications in crop protection and combating plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Raham Sher Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan.
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Furmanek Ł, Czarnota P, Seaward MRD. A review of the potential of lichen substances as antifungal agents: the effects of extracts and lichen secondary metabolites on Fusarium fungi. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:523. [PMID: 35881248 PMCID: PMC9325835 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present meta-analysis provides literature data on the effect of lichen extracts and single secondary metabolites used against Fusarium spp. moulds. Lichen extracts were obtained from 51 corticolous, 17 terricolous and 18 saxicolous lichen species and 37 secondary compounds were tested against eight fungal species, i.e., Fusarium acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. fujikuroi, F. oxysporum, F. roseum, F. solani and F. udum. The researchers used several test methods, mostly to determine MIC and IZ. Extracts were obtained using several solvents, mainly organic ones with use of the Soxhlet apparatus. The most frequently tested species was F. oxysporum, against which lichen substances from Alectoria sarmentosa, Cladonia mitis, C. rangiferina, Flavoparmelia caperata, Hypotrachyna cirrhata, Leucodermia leucomelos, Parmotrema austrosinense, P. reticulatum, Physcia aipolia, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Roccella montagnei and Umbilicaria nylanderiana and secondary metabolites such as 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid, atranorin, lecanoric and (+)-usnic acids showed the highest antifungal potential. These agencies could compete with the potential of fungicides, such as flucytosine and fluconazole. Other species have been poorly investigated. Statistical analysis of literature data showed that the fungistatic potential of lichen extracts is significantly different from individual secondary metabolites. Similarly, the potential of secondary metabolites often differs significantly from that of non-lichen substances. This meta-analysis indicates the potential of lichen substances as future anti-fusarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Furmanek
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszów, ul. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Paweł Czarnota
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszów, ul. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Mark R D Seaward
- School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
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Salman M, Tariq A, Mustafa G, Javed MR, Naheed S, Qamar SA. Cyclo(L-Leucyl-L-Prolyl) from Lactobacillus coryniformis BCH-4 inhibits the proliferation of Aspergillus flavus: an in vitro to in silico approach. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:267. [PMID: 35438350 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal spoilage led to a considerable economic loss of foodstuff which ultimately affects public health due to mycotoxins production. Moreover, the consumption of commercial antifungal drugs creates side effects and develops antifungal resistance. To overcome these challenges, the current work was aimed to investigate novel antifungal cyclic dipeptide (CDP) from Lactobacillus coryniformis (Loigolactobacillus coryniformis) BCH-4. CDPs have flexible, cyclic, and stable conformation. The proline-based CDPs provide additional structural compatibility and bio-functional values. Keeping in view, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to explore cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) from L. coryniformis BCH-4. The HPLC detected concentration (135 ± 7.07 mg/mL) exhibited in vitro antifungal activity of 5.66 ± 0.57 mm (inhibitory zone) against Aspergillus flavus. Based on these results, cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) was used as a bioprotectant for selected food samples (grapes, lemon, cashew nuts, and almonds). A significant impact of cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) was observed in contrast with MRS broth (control) and cell-free supernatant. In silico molecular docking analysis of this CDP was carried out against FAD glucose dehydrogenase, dihydrofolate reductase, and urate oxidase of A. flavus as target proteins. Among these proteins, FAD glucose dehydrogenase exerted strong interactions with cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) having S-score of - 8.21. The results evaluated that the detected CDP has strong interactions with selected proteins, causing excellent growth inhibition of A. flavus. Therefore, cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) could be used as a potent bioprotectant against food-borne pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish Salman
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Anam Tariq
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Javed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Naheed
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarmad Ahmad Qamar
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Furmanek Ł, Czarnota P, Seaward MRD. The effect of lichen secondary metabolites on Aspergillus fungi. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:100. [PMID: 34964912 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review of literature data on the antifungal potential of extracted lichen compounds and individual secondary metabolites against mold species of the genus Aspergillus is provided. Crude extracts from 49 epiphytic, 16 epigeic and 22 epilithic species of lichens and 44 secondary metabolites against 10 species, Aspergillus candidus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, A. restrictus, A. stellatus and A. ustus, were analysed. Several measuring techniques were employed for such analyses. Lichen substances were extracted with alcoholic and other organic solvents mainly using the Soxhlet apparatus. Among the three most-studied mold species, the results showed that the crude extracts from the thalli of the lichens Cladonia foliacea, Hypotrachyna cirrhata, Leucodermia leucomelos, Platismatia glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea against Aspergillus flavus, from C. foliacea, Nephroma arcticum and Parmelia sulcata against A. fumigatus and from Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, Umbilicaria cylindrica and Variospora dolomiticola against A. niger have the greatest antifungal potential. The lichen secondary metabolites showed a higher inhibitory potential, e.g. protolichesterinic acid against A. flavus, lecanoric acid against A. fumigatus and orsellinic acid against A. niger; the other seven species of Aspergillus have been poorly studied and require further investigation. A comparison of the inhibitory potential of the tested mixtures of lichen substances and their secondary metabolites shows that they can compete with commonly used antifungal substances, such as ketoconazole and clotrimazole against A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. niger and A. parasiticus and fluconazole in the case of A. fumigatus.
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Mendili M, Essghaier B, Seaward MRD, Khadhri A. In vitro evaluation of lysozyme activity and antimicrobial effect of extracts from four Tunisian lichens: Diploschistes ocellatus, Flavoparmelia caperata, Squamarina cartilaginea and Xanthoria parietina. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1461-1469. [PMID: 33388791 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since lichens have been recognised as a potential natural source of bioactive substances, the aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial, lysozyme and antifungal effects of methanol, acetone and quencher extracts from four lichens: Diploschistes ocellatus, Flavoparmelia caperata, Squamarina cartilaginea and Xanthoria parietina. The results showed that the tested extracts had antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and anti-candida, and inhibit the spore germination of tested fungi. The different extracts varied in their effect as determined by the diameter of the inhibition zone, the highest values being observed with the methanol and acetone extracts (29.5 and 27.5 mm, respectively) for S. cartilaginea against Enterococcus faecalis. For powdered material (quencher), F. caperata showed the highest inhibition diameter (25.5 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values varied from 125 to 2000 μg mL-1. Methanol extracts of S. cartilaginea were more active against Enterobacter cloacae (MIC 125 µg mL-1) and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 125 µg mL-1), and also affected lysozyme activity against Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the morphology of fungal hyphae. This study demonstrated that the investigated species are a potential source of bioactive compounds which are potentially important antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mendili
- Unit of Research of Plant Ecology, University of Tunis El-Manar II, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Academia, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - B Essghaier
- Laboratory Mycology Pathology and Biomarkers, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El-Manar II, Campus Academia, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M R D Seaward
- School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - A Khadhri
- Unit of Research of Plant Ecology, University of Tunis El-Manar II, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Academia, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
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da Rosa Monte Machado G, Diedrich D, Ruaro TC, Zimmer AR, Lettieri Teixeira M, de Oliveira LF, Jean M, Van de Weghe P, de Andrade SF, Baggio Gnoatto SC, Fuentefria AM. Quinolines derivatives as promising new antifungal candidates for the treatment of candidiasis and dermatophytosis. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1691-1701. [PMID: 32737869 PMCID: PMC7394049 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have emerged as a current serious global public health problem. The main problem involving these infections is the expansion of multidrug resistance. Therefore, the prospection of new compounds with efficacy antifungal becomes necessary. Thus, this study evaluated the antifungal profile and toxicological parameters of quinolines derivatives against Candida spp. and dermatophyte strains. As a result, a selective anti-dermatophytic action was demonstrated by compound 5 (geometric means (GM = 19.14 μg ml−1)). However, compounds 2 (GM = 50 μg ml−1) and 3 (GM = 47.19 μg ml−1) have presented only anti-Candida action. Compounds 3 and 5 did not present cytotoxic action. Compound 5 did not produce dermal and mucosal toxicity. In addition, this compound showed the absence of genotoxic potential, suggesting safety for topical and systemic use. Quinolines demonstrated a potent anti-dermatophytic and anti-yeast action. Moreover, compound 5 presented an excellent toxicological profile, acting as a strong candidate for the development of a new effective and safe compound against dermatophytosis of difficult treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella da Rosa Monte Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Microbiology and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite n° 500, Farroupilha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Applied Mycology - Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Denise Diedrich
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Ipiranga, n° 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Thaís Carine Ruaro
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Ipiranga, n° 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Aline Rigon Zimmer
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Ipiranga, n° 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Mário Lettieri Teixeira
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Federal Catarinense Institute, Highway SC 283 - Fragosos, Concórdia, SC, 89703-720, Brazil
| | - Luís Flávio de Oliveira
- Cell Toxicology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472 - Km 585, Uruguaiana, RS, 97501-970, Brazil
| | - Mickael Jean
- Natural Products Syntheses and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Rennes University 1, Street du Thabor, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Van de Weghe
- Natural Products Syntheses and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Rennes University 1, Street du Thabor, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Saulo Fernandes de Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Microbiology and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite n° 500, Farroupilha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Ipiranga, n° 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristina Baggio Gnoatto
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Ipiranga, n° 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Microbiology and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite n° 500, Farroupilha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Ipiranga, n° 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
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Li Z, Xia C, Wang Y, Li X, Qiao Y, Li C, Zhou J, Zhang L, Ye X, Huang Y, Cui Z. Identification of an endo-chitinase from Corallococcus sp. EGB and evaluation of its antifungal properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:1235-1243. [PMID: 30980875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the main component of the fungal cell wall, chitin has been regarded as an optimal molecular target for the biocontrol of plant-pathogenic fungi. In this study, the chitin hydrolase CcCti1, which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH 18) and exhibits potential antifungal activity, was identified from Corallococcus sp. EGB. CcCti1 lacks a fibronectin type-III (FN3) domain that is present in similar enzymes from most genera of myxobacteria, indicating that CcCti1 may have acquired chitinase activity due to the FN3 domain deletion during myxobacterial evolution. CcCti1 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) with a specific activity of up to 10.5 U/μmol with colloidal chitin as the substrate. Product analysis showed that CcCti1 could hydrolyze chitin into N-acetylated chitohexaose (GlcNAc)6 as the major product, in addition to chitooligosaccharides. The analysis of biochemical properties indicated that the CBD and FN3 domains in CcCti1 determine the substrate affinity and pH stability. Otherwise, CcCti1 exhibited efficient biocontrol activity against the plant pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae in a dose-dependent manner, inhibiting the conidia germination and appressoria formation at a concentration of 0.08 mg/mL. Overall, the chitohexaose-producing chitinase CcCti1 with hydrolytic features may find potential application in chitin conversion and biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chengyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Madugula P, Reddy S, Koneru J, Rao AS, Sruthi R, Dalli DT. "Rhetoric to Reality"- Efficacy of Punica Granatum Peel Extract on Oral Candidiasis: An in vitro Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC114-ZC117. [PMID: 28274059 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/22810.9304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Global usage of synthetic drugs inadvertently has resulted in deleterious effects and antimicrobial resistance. Phytoextarcts with therapeutic properties appear to be appropriate substitutes for synthetic drugs. Punica granatum (Pomegranate) is a fruit rich in nutraceuticals and therapeutic properties that has lead to its widespread use as folk-medicine for treating innumerable diseases. AIM To determine the in vitro antifungal efficacy of Punica granatum peel extract against the oral Candida compared with clotrimazole. MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vitro study was carried out on 60 saliva samples collected from patients confirmed by clinical and mycological examination as oral candidiasis and subjected to culture on Saborauds Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. The cultured Candida species were subjected to antifungal susceptibility test by agar well diffusion method. Punica granatum peel extract (Group-I), Ethanol (Group-II Negative control), Clotrimazole (Group-III-Positive control) were inoculated in wells and incubated. Zones of inhibitions were measured with a digital Vernier's callipers and subjected to statistical analysis. ANOVA (analysis of variance) was performed to compare inhibition zones and concentrations of all the three groups. RESULTS Antifungal efficacy of Punica granatum group and Clotrimazole group were statistically significant with p-value <0.05. Additionally, with the increase in the concentration there was an increase in the inhibitory efficacy against Candida species. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of peel extract of Punica granatum approximated with that of the clotrimazole. CONCLUSION The present research was just a venture to usual clinical approach. The results of the study reveal that MIC of peel extract of Punica granatum approximated with that of the clotrimazole. Hence, peel extract of Punica granatum may be used as a substitute for antifungal agents in clinical trials with standardization so as to minimize the deleterious effects for patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Madugula
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vishnu Dental College , Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sudhakara Reddy
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vishnu Dental College , Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Jyothirmai Koneru
- Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vishnu Dental College , Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Atla Srinivasa Rao
- Professor and Head, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy , Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rayapureddi Sruthi
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vishnu Dental College , Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Teja Dalli
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vishnu Dental College , Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
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