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Wang YS, Chu WH, Zhai JJ, Wang WY, He ZM, Zhao QM, Li CY. High quality repair of osteochondral defects in rats using the extracellular matrix of antler stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:176-190. [PMID: 38455106 PMCID: PMC10915955 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage defects are some of the most common causes of arthritis. Cartilage lesions caused by inflammation, trauma or degenerative disease normally result in osteochondral defects. Previous studies have shown that decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from autologous, allogenic, or xenogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can effectively restore osteochondral integrity. AIM To determine whether the decellularized ECM of antler reserve mesenchymal cells (RMCs), a xenogeneic material from antler stem cells, is superior to the currently available treatments for osteochondral defects. METHODS We isolated the RMCs from a 60-d-old sika deer antler and cultured them in vitro to 70% confluence; 50 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid was then added to the medium to stimulate ECM deposition. Decellularized sheets of adipocyte-derived MSCs (aMSCs) and antlerogenic periosteal cells (another type of antler stem cells) were used as the controls. Three weeks after ascorbic acid stimulation, the ECM sheets were harvested and applied to the osteochondral defects in rat knee joints. RESULTS The defects were successfully repaired by applying the ECM-sheets. The highest quality of repair was achieved in the RMC-ECM group both in vitro (including cell attachment and proliferation), and in vivo (including the simultaneous regeneration of well-vascularized subchondral bone and avascular articular hyaline cartilage integrated with surrounding native tissues). Notably, the antler-stem-cell-derived ECM (xenogeneic) performed better than the aMSC-ECM (allogenic), while the ECM of the active antler stem cells was superior to that of the quiescent antler stem cells. CONCLUSION Decellularized xenogeneic ECM derived from the antler stem cell, particularly the active form (RMC-ECM), can achieve high quality repair/reconstruction of osteochondral defects, suggesting that selection of decellularized ECM for such repair should be focused more on bioactivity rather than kinship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Su Wang
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wen-Hui Chu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing-Jie Zhai
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhong-Mei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Quan-Min Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun-Yi Li
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China.
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Zhang G, Wang D, Ren J, Li J, Guo Q, Shi L, Li C. Antler stem cell-derived exosomes promote regenerative wound healing via fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition inhibition. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:67. [PMID: 37940994 PMCID: PMC10633995 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The typical outcome of mammalian wound healing is scarring, a fibrotic process mediated by myofibroblast aggregation. Perfect healing in a clinical setting is relatively unexplored. Surprisingly, our previous studies have shown that the large wound (10 cm diameter or more) of the pedicle of deer naturally achieves regenerative restoration, realized through a paracrine pathway from adjacent antler stem cells (AnSCs). METHODS AnSC-derived exosomes (AnSC-exos) were topically injected around the full-thickness wounds in a rat model. The effects on the rate of wound healing and the quality of healing were evaluated via morphological, histological, and molecular biological techniques on days 14 and 28 after surgery. RESULTS The results showed that AnSC-exos significantly accelerated the rate of wound healing and improved healing quality, including regeneration of cutaneous appendages (hair follicles and sebaceous glands) and the distribution pattern of collagen (basket-weave-like) in the healed skin. These effects of AnSC-exos were comparable to those of AnSCs but were significantly more potent than those of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bMSC-exos). Furthermore, AnSC-exos treatment effectively inhibited fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT), as evidenced by the reduction of full-thickness skin injury-induced FMT in vivo and TGF-β1-induced FMT in vitro. CONCLUSION AnSC-exos could effectively promote regenerative cutaneous wound healing, highly likely through FMT inhibition. This suggests that AnSC-exos treatment could provide the potential for a novel approach to induce regenerative wound healing in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guokun Zhang
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, No. 1345 of Pudong Rd., Changchun, Jilin, 130600, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, No. 1345 of Pudong Rd., Changchun, Jilin, 130600, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, No. 1345 of Pudong Rd., Changchun, Jilin, 130600, China
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jiping Li
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, No. 1345 of Pudong Rd., Changchun, Jilin, 130600, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, No. 1345 of Pudong Rd., Changchun, Jilin, 130600, China
| | - Liyan Shi
- China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, No. 1345 of Pudong Rd., Changchun, Jilin, 130600, China.
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Li X, Shi W, Wei G, Lv J, Wang D, Xing B, Zhou J, Zhao J, Sun H. Galectin-1 promotes angiogenesis and chondrogenesis during antler regeneration. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:40. [PMID: 37189051 PMCID: PMC10184426 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deer antlers are the only known mammalian structure that undergoes full regeneration. In addition, it is peculiar because when growing, it contains vascularized cartilage. The differentiation of antler stem cells (ASCs) into chondrocytes while inducing endochondral extension of blood vessels is necessary to form antler vascularized cartilage. Therefore, antlers provide an unparalleled opportunity to investigate chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and regenerative medicine. A study found that Galectin-1 (GAL-1), which can be used as a marker in some tumors, is highly expressed in ASCs. This intrigued us to investigate what role GAL-1 could play in antler regeneration. METHODS We measured the expression level of GAL-1 in antler tissues and cells by immunohistochemistry, WB and QPCR. We constructed antlerogenic periosteal cells (APCs, one cell type of ASCs) with the GAL-1 gene knocked out (APCGAL-1-/-) using CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing system. The effect of GAL-1 on angiogenesis was determined by stimulating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using APCGAL-1-/- conditioned medium or adding exogenous deer GAL-1 protein. The effect of APCGAL-1-/- on chondrogenic differentiation was evaluated compared with the APCs under micro-mass culture. The gene expression pattern of APCGAL-1-/- was analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed that GAL-1 was widely expressed in the antlerogenic periosteum (AP), pedicle periosteum (PP) and antler growth center. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis using deer cell lines further supports this result. The proliferation, migration, and tube formation assays of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) showed that the proangiogenic activity of APCGAL-1-/- medium was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with the APCs medium. The proangiogenic activity of deer GAL-1 protein was further confirmed by adding exogenous deer GAL-1 protein (P < 0.05). The chondrogenic differentiation ability of APCGAL-1-/- was impeded under micro-mass culture. The terms of GO and KEGG enrichment of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of APCGAL-1-/- showed that down-regulated expression of pathways associated with deer antler angiogenesis, osteogenesis and stem cell pluripotency, such as the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells and TGF-β signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Deer GAL-1, has strong angiogenic activity, is widely and highly expressed in deer antler. The APCs can induce angiogenesis by secreting GAL-1. The knockout of GAL-1 gene of APCs damaged its ability to induce angiogenesis and differentiate into chondrocytes. This ability is crucial to the formation of deer antler vascularized cartilage. Moreover, Deer antlers offer a unique model to explore explore how angiogenesis at high levels of GAL-1 expression can be elegantly regulated without becoming cancerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunsheng Li
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Wanwan Shi
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Guanning Wei
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Jinpeng Lv
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Datao Wang
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Baorui Xing
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Jue Zhou
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Hongmei Sun
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China.
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Feleke M, Bennett S, Chen J, Hu X, Williams D, Xu J. New physiological insights into the phenomena of deer antler: A unique model for skeletal tissue regeneration. J Orthop Translat 2020; 27:57-66. [PMID: 33437638 PMCID: PMC7773678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, mammals are unable to regenerate complex tissues and organs however the deer antler provides a rare anomaly to this rule. This osseous cranial appendage which is located on the frontal bone of male deer is capable of stem cell-based organogenesis, annual casting, and cyclic de novo regeneration. A series of recent studies have classified this form of regeneration as epimorphic stem cell based. Antler renewal is initiated by the activation of neural crest derived pedicle periosteal cells (PPCs) found residing within the pedicle periosteum (PP), these PPCs have the potential to differentiate into multiple lineages. Other antler stem cells (ASCs) are the reserve mesenchymal cells (RMCs) located in the antlers tip, which develop into cartilage tissue. Antlerogenic periosteal cells (APCs) found within the antlerogenic periosteum (AP) form the tissues of both the pedicle and first set of antlers. Antler stem cells (ASCs) further appear to progress through various stages of activation, this coordinated transition is considered imperative for stem cell-based mammalian regeneration. The latest developments have shown that the rapid elongation of the main beam and antler branches are a controlled form of tumour growth, regulated by the tumour suppressing genes TP73 and ADAMTS18. Both osteoclastogenesis, as well as osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation are also involved. While there remains much to uncover this review both summarises and comprehensively evaluates our existing knowledge of tissue regeneration in the deer antler. This will assist in achieving the goal of in vitro organ regeneration in humans by furthering the field of modern regenerative medicine. The Translational potential of this article As a unique stem cell-based organ regeneration process in mammals, the deer antler represents a prime model system for investigating mechanisms of regeneration in mammalian tissues. Novel ASCs could provide cell-based therapies for regenerative medicine and bone remodelling for clinical application. A greater understanding of this process and a more in-depth defining of ASCs will potentiate improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesalie Feleke
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Jiazhi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510665, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Xiaoyong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510665, China
| | - Desmond Williams
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
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Rong X, Chu W, Zhang H, Wang Y, Qi X, Zhang G, Wang Y, Li C. Antler stem cell-conditioned medium stimulates regenerative wound healing in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:326. [PMID: 31744537 PMCID: PMC6862758 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When the deer antler is cast, it leaves a cutaneous wound that can achieve scarless healing due to the presence of antler stem cells (ASCs). This provides an opportunity to study regenerative wound healing. Methods In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and mechanism of antler stem cell-conditioned medium (ASC-CM) on cutaneous wound healing in rats. In vitro, we investigated the effects of the ASC-CM on proliferation of HUVEC and NIH-3T3 cell lines. In vivo, we evaluated the effects of ASC-CM on cutaneous wound healing using full-thickness skin punch-cut wounds in rats. Results The results showed that ASC-CM significantly stimulated proliferation of the HUVEC and NIH-3T3 cells in vitro. In vivo, completion of healing of the rat wounds treated with ASC-CM was on day 16 (± 3 days), 9 days (± 2 days) earlier than the control group (DMEM); the area of the wounds treated with ASC-CM was significantly smaller (p < 0.05) than the two control groups. Further molecular characterization showed that the ratios of Col3A1/Col1A2, TGF-β3/TGF-β1, MMP1/TIMP1, and MMP3/TIMP1 significantly increased (p < 0.01) in the healed tissue in the ASC-CM group. Conclusions In conclusion, ASC-CM effectively accelerated the wound closure rate and enhanced the quality of healing, which might be through transforming wound dermal fibroblasts into the fetal counterparts. Therefore, the ASC-CM may have potential to be developed as a novel cell-free therapeutic for scarless wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Rong
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, 1699 DongHua St., Shuangyang District, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.,The Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye St., Changchun, Jilin, 130112, China
| | - Wenhui Chu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, 828 Xinmin St., Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yusu Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 XinCheng St., Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qi
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye St., Changchun, Jilin, 130112, China
| | - Guokun Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye St., Changchun, Jilin, 130112, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- The Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China.
| | - Chunyi Li
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, 1699 DongHua St., Shuangyang District, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China. .,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye St., Changchun, Jilin, 130112, China.
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Rong X, Yang Y, Zhang G, Zhang H, Li C, Wang Y. Antler stem cells as a novel stem cell source for reducing liver fibrosis. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:195-206. [PMID: 31428875 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from collagen fiber deposition. Antler stem cells (ASCs) naturally in vivo differentiate into cartilage, which is only made of Col II in collagen component; whereas liver fibrosis is caused by over-abundance of Col I and III. In addition, ASCs can effectively promote regenerative wound healing in which tissue contains very few collagen fibers (Col I). In this study, we investigate the therapeutic effects of ASCs in a rat model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Rats were treated with ASCs for 4 weeks in vivo, then biochemical and histopathological analyses were performed. Furthermore, we established cell co-culture systems of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and ASCs and of M1 macrophages and ASCs in vitro. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were used as a positive control. The results showed that ASC transplantation alleviated liver fibrosis effectively as evidenced by reduced collagen accumulation, decreased fatty degeneration, increased hepatocyte regeneration, decreased inflammation and significantly enhanced liver function; moreover, ASCs decreased the expression of pro-fibrogenic factors including TGF-β and α-SMA. Additionally, our study showed that ASCs inhibit HSC activation and proliferation by controlling the expression of MMPs, TIMP1, TGF-β, α-SMA and COL1A2 involved in these processes. Our results suggested that ASCs alleviate liver fibrosis effectively and inhibit HSC activation. Thus, ASCs may serve as a novel stem cell source for the treatment of liver fibrosis in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Rong
- The Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St,, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Guokun Zhang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye St., Changchun, 130112, Jilin, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin St., Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye St., Changchun, 130112, Jilin, China.
| | - Yimin Wang
- The Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St,, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China.
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Ba H, Wang D, Li C. MicroRNA profiling of antler stem cells in potentiated and dormant states and their potential roles in antler regeneration. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:943-55. [PMID: 26738876 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can effectively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play a critical role in tissue growth, development and regeneration. Our previous studies showed that antler regeneration is a stem cell-based process and antler stem cells reside in the periosteum of a pedicle, the permanent bony protuberance, from which antler regeneration takes place. Antlers are the only mammalian organ that can fully regenerate and hence provide a unique opportunity to identify miRNAs that are involved in organ regeneration. In the present study, we used next generation sequencing technology sequenced miRNAs of the stem cells derived from either the potentiated or the dormant pedicle periosteum. A population of both conserved and 20 deer-specific miRNAs was identified. These conserved miRNAs were derived from 453 homologous hairpin precursors across 88 animal species, and were further grouped into 167 miRNA families. Among them, the miR-296 is embryonic stem cell-specific. The potentiation process resulted in the significant regulation (>±2 Fold, q value <0.05) of conserved miRNAs; 8 miRNA transcripts were down- and 6 up-regulated. Several GO biology processes and the Wnt, MAPK and TGF-beta signaling pathways were found to be up-regulated as part of antlerogenic stem cell potentiation process. This research has identified miRNAs that are associated either with the dormant or the potentiated antler stem cells and identified some target miRNAs for further research into their role played in mammalian organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxing Ba
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, 130112, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Jilin, 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Datao Wang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, 130112, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Jilin, 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, 130112, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Jilin, 130112, People's Republic of China.
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