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Shinde R, Ayyanath MM, Shukla M, El Kayal W, Saxena PK, Subramanian J. Salicylic and Jasmonic Acid Synergism during Black Knot Disease Progression in Plums. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:292. [PMID: 38256845 PMCID: PMC10818911 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Black knot (BK) is a deadly disease of European (Prunus domestica) and Japanese (Prunus salicina) plums caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Apiosporina morbosa. Generally, phytopathogens hamper the balance of primary defense phytohormones, such as salicylic acid (SA)-jasmonic acid (JA) balance, for disease progression. Thus, we quantified the important phytohormone titers in tissues of susceptible and resistant genotypes belonging to European and Japanese plums at five different time points. Our previous results suggested that auxin-cytokinins interplay driven by A. morbosa appeared to be vital in disease progression by hampering the plant defense system. Here, we further show that such hampering of disease progression is likely mediated by perturbance in SA, JA, and, to some extent, gibberellic acid. The results further indicate that SA and JA in plant defense are not always necessarily antagonistic as most of the studies suggest but can be different, especially in woody perennials. Together, our results suggest that the changes in phytohormone levels, especially in terms of SA and JA content due to BK infection and progression in plums, could be used as phytohormonal markers in the identification of BK-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Shinde
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Edmond C. Bovey Building, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.S.); (M.-M.A.); (M.S.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Murali-Mohan Ayyanath
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Edmond C. Bovey Building, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.S.); (M.-M.A.); (M.S.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Mukund Shukla
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Edmond C. Bovey Building, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.S.); (M.-M.A.); (M.S.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Walid El Kayal
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 4890 Victoria Ave N, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada;
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Praveen Kumar Saxena
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Edmond C. Bovey Building, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.S.); (M.-M.A.); (M.S.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Jayasankar Subramanian
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 4890 Victoria Ave N, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada;
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Shinde R, Ayyanath MM, Shukla M, El Kayal W, Saxena P, Subramanian J. Hormonal Interplay Leading to Black Knot Disease Establishment and Progression in Plums. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3638. [PMID: 37896101 PMCID: PMC10609688 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Black Knot (BK) is a deadly disease of European (Prunus domestics) and Japanese (Prunus salicina) plums caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Apiosporina morbosa. After infection, the appearance of warty black knots indicates a phytohormonal imbalance in infected tissues. Based on this hypothesis, we quantified phytohormones such as indole-3-acetic acid, tryptophan, indoleamines (N-acetylserotonin, serotonin, and melatonin), and cytokinins (zeatin, 6-benzyladenine, and 2-isopentenyladenine) in temporally collected tissues of susceptible and resistant genotypes belonging to European and Japanese plums during of BK progression. The results suggested auxin-cytokinins interplay driven by A. morbosa appears to be vital in disease progression by hampering the plant defense system. Taken together, our results indicate the possibility of using the phytohormone profile as a biomarker for BK resistance in plums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Shinde
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada (M.-M.A.); (M.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Murali-Mohan Ayyanath
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada (M.-M.A.); (M.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Mukund Shukla
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada (M.-M.A.); (M.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Walid El Kayal
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada;
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Praveen Saxena
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada (M.-M.A.); (M.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Jayasankar Subramanian
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada;
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