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Ben Akacha R, Gdoura-Ben Amor M, Sellami H, Grosset N, Jan S, Gautier M, Gdoura R. Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of Bacillus cereus Group Bacteria Isolated from the Dairy Farm Environment and Raw Milk in Tunisia. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38502798 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the Bacillus cereus group are well-known opportunistic foodborne pathogens. In this study, the prevalence, hemolytic activity, antimicrobial resistance profile, virulence factor genes, genetic diversity by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping, and adhesion potential were investigated in isolates from a Tunisian dairy farm environment and raw milk. A total of 200 samples, including bedding, feces, feed, liquid manure, and raw bovine milk, were examined. Based on PCR test targeting sspE gene, 59 isolates were detected. The prevalence of B. cereus group isolates in bedding, feces, liquid manure, feed, and raw milk was 48%, 37.8%, 20%, 17.1%, and 12.5%, respectively. Out of the tested strains, 81.4% showed β-hemolytic on blood agar plates. An antimicrobial resistance test against 11 antibiotics showed that more than 50% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and novobiocin, while a high sensitivity to other antibiotics tested was observed in most isolates. The distribution of enterotoxigenic genes showed that 8.5% and 67.8% of isolates carried hblABCD and nheABC, respectively. In addition, the detection rate of cytotoxin K (cytk), enterotoxin T (bceT), and ces genes was 72.9%, 64.4%, and 5.1%, respectively. ERIC-PCR fingerprinting genotype analysis allowed discriminating 40 different profiles. The adhesion potential of B. cereus group on stainless steel showed that all isolates were able to adhere at various levels, from 1.5 ± 0.3 to 5.1 ± 0.1 log colony-forming unit (CFU)/cm2 for vegetative cells and from 2.6 ± 0.4 to 5.7 ± 0.3 log CFU/cm2 for spores. An important finding of the study is useful for updating the knowledge of the contamination status of B. cereus group in Tunisia, at the dairy farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Ben Akacha
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Maroua Gdoura-Ben Amor
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Hanen Sellami
- Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects, Water Research and Technologies Center (CERTE), Borj-Cedria Technopark, University of Carthage, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Noël Grosset
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Jan
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Gautier
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Radhouane Gdoura
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Vaca J, Ortiz A, Sansinenea E. A study of bacteriocin like substances comparison produced by different species of Bacillus related to B. cereus group with specific antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens. Arch Microbiol 2022; 205:13. [PMID: 36463345 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic-resistant bacteria are emerging as a great threat worldwide. For this reason it is important to develop new antibiotic substances. Bacillus is considered as a factory of a wide range of chemical compounds with a variety of activities. Among these substances are bacteriocins which are small peptides showing stability in a wide range of pH and temperatures and having a potent antibacterial activity. Bacillus species can be grouped into families such as B. cereus group based on their genetic similarity. It can be helpful to study the bacteriocins presented in these related species identifying the differences and similarities between them to relate the presence of a given bacteriocin with the producer specie. The aim of this study was to isolate the bacteriocins from three related species of B. cereus group such as B. mycoides, B. weihenstephanensis and B. toyonensis and compare among them and with the bacteriocins isolated from B. velezensis. Besides it was analyzed the bactericidal activity of each isolated bacteriocin. Five different bacteriocins of similar molecular mass and specific against foodborne pathogens were isolated from three Bacillus species related to B. cereus group, that were quite different both in molecular mass and bactericidal activity from that was isolated from B. velezensis. The results indicated that bacteriocins can be distinguished according to Bacillus specie from it has been isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Vaca
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, CP, 72590, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Aurelio Ortiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, CP, 72590, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Estibaliz Sansinenea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, CP, 72590, Puebla, Puebla, México.
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Biggel M, Etter D, Corti S, Brodmann P, Stephan R, Ehling-Schulz M, Johler S. Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Biopesticidal Origin of Bacillus thuringiensis in Foods. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:775669. [PMID: 35095794 PMCID: PMC8790155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.775669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is a microbial insecticide widely used to control agricultural pests. Although generally regarded as safe, B. thuringiensis is phylogenetically intermingled with the foodborne pathogen B. cereus sensu stricto and has been linked to foodborne outbreaks. Limited data on the pathogenicity potential of B. thuringiensis and the occurrence of biopesticide residues in food compromise a robust consumer risk assessment. In this study, we analyzed whole-genome sequences of 33 B. thuringiensis isolates from biopesticides, food, and human fecal samples linked to outbreaks. All food and outbreak-associated isolates genomically matched (≤ 6 wgSNPs; ≤ 2 cgSNPs) with one of six biopesticide strains, suggesting biopesticide products as their source. Long-read sequencing revealed a more diverse virulence gene profile than previously assumed, including a transposase-mediated disruption of the promoter region of the non-hemolytic enterotoxin gene nhe and a bacteriophage-mediated disruption of the sphingomyelinase gene sph in some biopesticide strains. Furthermore, we provide high-quality genome assemblies of seven widely used B. thuringiensis biopesticide strains, which will facilitate improved microbial source tracking and risk assessment of B. thuringiensis-based biopesticides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Biggel
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Danai Etter
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Corti
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roger Stephan
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia Johler
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wang X, Lyu Y, Wang S, Zheng Q, Feng E, Zhu L, Pan C, Wang S, Wang D, Liu X, Wang H. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 System for Plasmid Elimination and Bacterial Killing of Bacillus cereus Group Strains. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:536357. [PMID: 34177818 PMCID: PMC8222586 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.536357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas system has been widely applied in prokaryotic genome editing with its high efficiency and easy operation. We constructed some “scissors plasmids” via using the temperature-sensitive pJOE8999 shuttle plasmid, which carry the different 20nt (N20) guiding the Cas9 nuclease as a scissors to break the target DNA. We successfully used scissors plasmids to eliminate native plasmids from Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus, and specifically killed B. anthracis. When curing pXO1 and pXO2 virulence plasmids from B. anthracis A16PI2 and A16Q1, respectively, we found that the plasmid elimination percentage was slightly higher when the sgRNA targeted the replication initiation region (96–100%), rather than the non-replication initiation region (88–92%). We also tried using a mixture of two scissors plasmids to simultaneously eliminate pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids from B. anthracis, and the single and double plasmid-cured rates were 29 and 14%, respectively. To our surprise, when we used the scissor plasmid containing two tandem sgRNAs to cure the target plasmids pXO1 and pXO2 from wild strain B. anthracis A16 simultaneously, only the second sgRNA could guide Cas9 to cleave the target plasmid with high efficiency, while the first sgRNA didn't work in all the experiments we designed. When we used the CRISPR/cas9 system to eliminate the pCE1 mega-virulence plasmid from B. cereus BC307 by simply changing the sgRNA, we also obtained a plasmid-cured isogenic strain at a very high elimination rate (69%). The sterilization efficiency of B. anthracis was about 93%, which is similar to the efficiency of plasmid curing, and there was no significant difference in the efficiency of among the scissors plasmids containing single sgRNA, targeting multi-sites, or single-site targeting and the two tandem sgRNA. This simple and effective curing method, which is applicable to B. cereus group strains, provides a new way to study these bacteria and their virulence profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Siya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.,Experimental Teaching Center, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingfang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing & Preservation, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Product on Storage and Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Erling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghou Wang
- Experimental Teaching Center, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongshu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiankai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Hengliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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Pereira PP, Torres Tejerizo GA, Fernandez M, Blanch AR, Gonzalez PS, Agostini E. Polyphasic characterization and identification of the bioremediation agent Bacillus sp. SFC 500-1E. Genomics 2020; 112:4525-4535. [PMID: 32781202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus sp. SFC 500-1E is used for the effective treatment of tannery effluents since it consistently removes hexavalent chromium from diverse contaminated matrices. The aim of the present study was to complete identification of the strain through a polyphasic characterization, which included the pattern of carbohydrate utilization, fatty acids profile, multilocus sequence analysis, multiplex PCR profile and the analysis of the complete genome sequence. Morpho-physiological and biochemical characterization results and analysis of 16S rRNA sequences were not conclusive. The strain formed a monophyletic clade with B. toyonensis BCT-7112, B. thuringiensis MC28 and B. cereus Rock 1-3. However, genomic comparisons with type strains of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis showed that the isolated belonged to a different species. Results of this study highlight the relevance of the genome sequence of this strain, identified as Bacillus toyonensis SFC 500-1E, to expand knowledge of its bioremediation potential and to explore unknown decontamination activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola P Pereira
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud, INBIAS-CONICET. Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601 (CP 5800), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo A Torres Tejerizo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), CCT-La Plata, CONICET. Calles 49 y 115 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marilina Fernandez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud, INBIAS-CONICET. Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601 (CP 5800), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Anicet R Blanch
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística. Facultat de Biologia. Universitat de Barcelona. Av. Diagonal, 643, edifici annex, planta 0 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Paola S Gonzalez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud, INBIAS-CONICET. Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601 (CP 5800), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Agostini
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud, INBIAS-CONICET. Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601 (CP 5800), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Yehuda A, Slamti L, Malach E, Lereclus D, Hayouka Z. Elucidating the Hot Spot Residues of Quorum Sensing Peptidic Autoinducer PapR by Multiple Amino Acid Replacements. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1246. [PMID: 31231335 PMCID: PMC6568020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The quorum sensing (QS) system of Bacillus cereus, an opportunistic human pathogen, utilizes the autoinducing PapR peptide signal that mediates the activation of the pleiotropic virulence regulator PlcR. A set of synthetic 7-mer PapR-derived peptides (PapR7; ADLPFEF) have been shown to inhibit efficiently the PlcR regulon activity and the production of virulence factors, reflected by a loss in hemolytic activity without affecting bacterial growth. Interestingly, these first potent synthetic inhibitors involved D-amino acid or alanine replacements of three amino acids; proline, glutamic acid, and phenylalanine of the heptapeptide PapR. To better understand the role of these three positions in PlcR activity, we report herein the second generation design, synthesis, and characterization of PapR7-derived combinations, alternate double and triple alanine and D-amino acids replacement at these positions. Our findings generate a new set of non-native PapR7-derived peptides that inhibit the PlcR regulon activity and the production of virulence factors. Using the amino acids substitution strategy, we revealed the role of proline and glutamic acid on PlcR regulon activation. Moreover, we demonstrated that the D-Glutamic acid substitution was crucial for the design of stronger PlcR antagonists. These peptides represent potent synthetic inhibitors of B. cereus QS and constitute new and readily accessible chemical tools for the study of the PlcR system. Our method might be applied to other quorum sensing systems to design new anti-virulence agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishag Yehuda
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leyla Slamti
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Einav Malach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Didier Lereclus
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Zvi Hayouka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Gdoura-Ben Amor M, Siala M, Zayani M, Grosset N, Smaoui S, Messadi-Akrout F, Baron F, Jan S, Gautier M, Gdoura R. Isolation, Identification, Prevalence, and Genetic Diversity of Bacillus cereus Group Bacteria From Different Foodstuffs in Tunisia. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:447. [PMID: 29593691 PMCID: PMC5858518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus group is widespread in nature and foods. Several members of this group are recognized as causing food spoilage and/or health issues. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of the B. cereus group strains isolated in Tunisia from different foods (cereals, spices, cooked food, fresh-cut vegetables, raw and cooked poultry meats, seafood, canned, pastry, and dairy products). In total, 687 different samples were collected and searched for the presence of the B. cereus group after selective plating on MYP agar and enumeration of each sample. The typical pink-orange uniform colonies surrounded by a zone of precipitate were assumed to belong to the B. cereus group. One typical colony from each sample was subcultured and preserved as cryoculture. Overall, 191 (27.8%) food samples were found positive, giving rise to a collection of 191 B. cereus-like isolates. The concentration of B. cereus-like bacteria were below 103 cfu/g or ml in 77.5% of the tested samples. Higher counts (>104 cfu/g or ml) were found in 6.8% of samples including fresh-cut vegetables, cooked foods, cereals, and pastry products. To verify whether B. cereus-like isolates belonged to the B. cereus group, a PCR test targeting the sspE gene sequence specific of the group was carried out. Therefore, 174 isolates were found to be positive. Food samples were contaminated as follows: cereals (67.6%), pastry products (46.2%), cooked food (40.8%), cooked poultry meat (32.7%), seafood products (32.3%), spices (28.8%), canned products (16.7%), raw poultry meat (9.4%), fresh-cut vegetables (5.0%), and dairy products (4.8%). The 174 B. cereus isolates were characterized by partial sequencing of the panC gene, using a Sym'Previous software tool to assign them to different phylogenetic groups. Strains were distributed as follows: 61.3, 29.5, 7.5, and 1.7% in the group III, IV, II, and V, respectively. The genetic diversity was further assessed by ERIC-PCR and PFGE typing methods. PFGE and ERIC-PCR patterns analysis allowed discriminating 143 and 99 different profiles, respectivey. These findings, associated to a relatively higher prevalence of B. cereus group in different foods, could be a significant etiological agent of food in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Gdoura-Ben Amor
- Laboratory Research of Toxicology-Microbiology Environmental and Health, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,Equipe Microbiologie, Agrocampus Ouest, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Mariam Siala
- Laboratory Research of Toxicology-Microbiology Environmental and Health, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,Department of Biology, Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Zayani
- Laboratory Research of Toxicology-Microbiology Environmental and Health, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Noël Grosset
- Equipe Microbiologie, Agrocampus Ouest, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Salma Smaoui
- Regional Laboratory of Hygiene, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Feriele Messadi-Akrout
- Regional Laboratory of Hygiene, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Florence Baron
- Equipe Microbiologie, Agrocampus Ouest, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Jan
- Equipe Microbiologie, Agrocampus Ouest, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Gautier
- Equipe Microbiologie, Agrocampus Ouest, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Radhouane Gdoura
- Laboratory Research of Toxicology-Microbiology Environmental and Health, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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