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Mechchate H, Abdualkader AM, Bernacchi JB, Gopal K, Tabatabaei Dakhili SA, Yang K, Greenwell AA, Kong X, Crawford PA, Al Batran R. Defective Muscle Ketone Body Oxidation Disrupts BCAA Catabolism by Altering Mitochondrial Branched-Chain Aminotransferase. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E425-E436. [PMID: 36989424 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00206.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Ketone bodies are an endogenous fuel source generated primarily by the liver to provide alternative energy for extrahepatic tissues during prolonged fasting and exercise. Skeletal muscle is an important site of ketone body oxidation which occurs through a series of reactions requiring the enzyme succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-CoA transferase (SCOT/Oxct1). We have previously shown that deleting SCOT in the skeletal muscle protects against obesity-induced insulin resistance by increasing pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, the rate-limiting enzyme of glucose oxidation. However, it remains unclear whether inhibiting muscle ketone body oxidation causes hypoglycemia and affects fuel metabolism in the absence of obesity. Here, we show that lean mice lacking skeletal muscle SCOT (SCOTSkM-/-) exhibited no overt phenotypic differences in glucose and fat metabolism from their human α-skeletal actin-Cre (HSACre) littermates. Of interest, we found that plasma and muscle branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels are elevated in SCOTSkM-/- lean mice compared to their HSACre littermates. Interestingly, this alteration in BCAA catabolism was only seen in SCOTSkM-/- mice under low-fat feeding and associated with decreased expression of mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferases (BCATm/Bcat2), the first enzyme in BCAA catabolic pathway. Loss- and gain-of-function studies in C2C12 myotubes demonstrated that suppressing SCOT markedly diminished BCATm expression, whereas overexpressing SCOT resulted in an opposite effect without influencing BCAA oxidation enzymes. Further, SCOT overexpression in C2C12 myotubes significantly increased luciferase activity driven by a Bcat2 promoter construct. Together, our findings indicate that SCOT regulates the expression of the Bcat2 gene, which, through the abundance of its product BCATm, may influence circulating BCAA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Mechchate
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Keshav Gopal
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - S Amirhossein Tabatabaei Dakhili
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kunyan Yang
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Amanda A Greenwell
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xingxing Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, SH, China
| | - Peter A Crawford
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Rami Al Batran
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Wetzel TJ, Erfan SC, Ananieva EA. The emerging role of the branched chain aminotransferases, BCATc and BCATm, for anti-tumor T-cell immunity. Immunometabolism (Cobham) 2023; 5:e00014. [PMID: 36644500 DOI: 10.1097/IN9.0000000000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Challenges regarding successful immunotherapy are associated with the heterogeneity of tumors and the complex interactions within the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly those between immune and tumor cells. Of interest, T cells receive a myriad of environmental signals to elicit differentiation to effector subtypes, which is accompanied by metabolic reprogramming needed to satisfy the high energy and biosynthetic demands of their activated state. However, T cells are subjected to immunosuppressive signals and areas of oxygen and nutrient depletion in the TME, which causes T-cell exhaustion and helps tumor cells escape immune detection. The cytosolic and mitochondrial branched chain amino transferases, BCATc and BCATm, respectively, are responsible for the first step of the branched chain amino acid (BCAA) degradation, of which, metabolites are shunted into various metabolic processes. In recent years, BCAT isoenzymes have been investigated for their role in a variety of cancers found throughout the body; however, a gap of knowledge exists regarding the role BCAT isoenzymes play within immune cells of the TME. The aim of this review is to summarize recent findings about BCAAs and their catabolism at the BCAT step during T-cell metabolic reprogramming and to discuss the BCAT putative role in the anti-tumor immunity of T cells. Not only does this review acknowledges gaps pertaining to BCAA metabolism in the TME but it also identifies the practical application of BCAA metabolism in T cells in response to cancer and spotlights a potential target for pharmacological intervention.
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Martin SB, Reiche WS, Fifelski NA, Schultz AJ, Stanford SJ, Martin AA, Nack DL, Radlwimmer B, Boyer MP, Ananieva EA. Leucine and branched-chain amino acid metabolism contribute to the growth of bone sarcomas by regulating AMPK and mTORC1 signaling. Biochem J 2020; 477:1579-99. [PMID: 32297642 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20190754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma are sarcomas of the bone and the cartilage that are primarily treated by surgical intervention combined with high toxicity chemotherapy. In search of alternative metabolic approaches to address the challenges in treating bone sarcomas, we assessed the growth dependence of these cancers on leucine, one of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), and BCAA metabolism. Tumor biopsies from bone sarcoma patients revealed differential expression of BCAA metabolic enzymes. The cytosolic branched-chain aminotransferase (BCATc) that is commonly overexpressed in cancer cells, was down-regulated in chondrosarcoma (SW1353) in contrast with osteosarcoma (143B) cells that expressed both BCATc and its mitochondrial isoform BCATm. Treating SW1353 cells with gabapentin, a selective inhibitor of BCATc, further revealed that these cells failed to respond to gabapentin. Application of the structural analog of leucine, N-acetyl-leucine amide (NALA) to disrupt leucine uptake, indicated that all bone sarcoma cells used leucine to support their energy metabolism and biosynthetic demands. This was evident from the increased activity of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), down-regulation of complex 1 of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1), and reduced cell viability in response to NALA. The observed changes were most profound in the 143B cells, which appeared highly dependent on cytosolic and mitochondrial BCAA metabolism. This study thus demonstrates that bone sarcomas rely on leucine and BCAA metabolism for energy and growth; however, the differential expression of BCAA enzymes and the presence of other carbon sources may dictate how efficiently these cancer cells take advantage of BCAA metabolism.
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Ananieva EA, Van Horn CG, Jones MR, Hutson SM. Liver BCATm transgenic mouse model reveals the important role of the liver in maintaining BCAA homeostasis. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 40:132-40. [PMID: 27886623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Unlike other amino acids, the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) largely bypass first-pass liver degradation due to a lack of hepatocyte expression of the mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase (BCATm). This sets up interorgan shuttling of BCAAs and liver-skeletal muscle cooperation in BCAA catabolism. To explore whether complete liver catabolism of BCAAs may impact BCAA shuttling in peripheral tissues, the BCATm gene was stably introduced into mouse liver. Two transgenic mouse lines with low and high hepatocyte expression of the BCATm transgene (LivTg-LE and LivTg-HE) were created and used to measure liver and plasma amino acid concentrations and determine whether the first two BCAA enzymatic steps in liver, skeletal muscle, heart and kidney were impacted. Expression of the hepatic BCATm transgene lowered the concentrations of hepatic BCAAs while enhancing the concentrations of some nonessential amino acids. Extrahepatic BCAA metabolic enzymes and plasma amino acids were largely unaffected, and no growth rate or body composition differences were observed in the transgenic animals as compared to wild-type mice. Feeding the transgenic animals a high-fat diet did not reverse the effect of the BCATm transgene on the hepatic BCAA catabolism, nor did the high-fat diet cause elevation in plasma BCAAs. However, the high-fat-diet-fed BCATm transgenic animals experienced attenuation in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in the liver and had impaired blood glucose tolerance. These results suggest that complete liver BCAA metabolism influences the regulation of glucose utilization during diet-induced obesity.
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Deng H, Zhou J, Sundersingh F, Messer JA, Somers DO, Ajakane M, Arico-Muendel CC, Beljean A, Belyanskaya SL, Bingham R, Blazensky E, Boullay AB, Boursier E, Chai J, Carter P, Chung CW, Daugan A, Ding Y, Herry K, Hobbs C, Humphries E, Kollmann C, Nguyen VL, Nicodeme E, Smith SE, Dodic N, Ancellin N. Discovery and Optimization of Potent, Selective, and in Vivo Efficacious 2-Aryl Benzimidazole BCATm Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:379-84. [PMID: 27096045 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify BCATm inhibitors suitable for in vivo study, Encoded Library Technology (ELT) was used to affinity screen a 117 million member benzimidazole based DNA encoded library, which identified an inhibitor series with both biochemical and cellular activities. Subsequent SAR studies led to the discovery of a highly potent and selective compound, 1-(3-(5-bromothiophene-2-carboxamido)cyclohexyl)-N-methyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamide (8b) with much improved PK properties. X-ray structure revealed that 8b binds to the active site of BACTm in a unique mode via multiple H-bond and van der Waals interactions. After oral administration, 8b raised mouse blood levels of all three branched chain amino acids as a consequence of BCATm inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Deng
- Platform
of Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jingye Zhou
- Platform
of Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Flora Sundersingh
- Platform
of Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Messer
- Platform
of Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Donald O. Somers
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Myriam Ajakane
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France
| | - Christopher C. Arico-Muendel
- Platform
of Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Arthur Beljean
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Svetlana L. Belyanskaya
- Platform
of Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ryan Bingham
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Emily Blazensky
- Chemistry
Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anne-Benedicte Boullay
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France
| | - Eric Boursier
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France
| | - Jing Chai
- Platform
of Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Paul Carter
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Chun-Wa Chung
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Alain Daugan
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France
| | - Yun Ding
- Platform
of Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Kenny Herry
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France
| | - Clare Hobbs
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Eric Humphries
- Chemistry
Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Christopher Kollmann
- Platform
of Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Van Loc Nguyen
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France
| | - Edwige Nicodeme
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France
| | - Sarah E. Smith
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Nerina Dodic
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Ancellin
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France
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Deng H, Zhou J, Sundersingh FS, Summerfield J, Somers D, Messer JA, Satz AL, Ancellin N, Arico-Muendel CC, (Sargent) Bedard KL, Beljean A, Belyanskaya SL, Bingham R, Smith SE, Boursier E, Carter P, Centrella PA, Clark MA, Chung CW, Davie CP, Delorey JL, Ding Y, Franklin GJ, Grady LC, Herry K, Hobbs C, Kollmann CS, Morgan BA, (Pothier) Kaushansky LJ, Zhou Q. Discovery, SAR, and X-ray Binding Mode Study of BCATm Inhibitors from a Novel DNA-Encoded Library. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:919-24. [PMID: 26288694 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a potential target for obesity, human BCATm was screened against more than 14 billion DNA encoded compounds of distinct scaffolds followed by off-DNA synthesis and activity confirmation. As a consequence, several series of BCATm inhibitors were discovered. One representative compound (R)-3-((1-(5-bromothiophene-2-carbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)-N-methyl-2'-(methylsulfonamido)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide (15e) from a novel compound library synthesized via on-DNA Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling showed BCATm inhibitory activity with IC50 = 2.0 μM. A protein crystal structure of 15e revealed that it binds to BCATm within the catalytic site adjacent to the PLP cofactor. The identification of this novel inhibitor series plus the establishment of a BCATm protein structure provided a good starting point for future structure-based discovery of BCATm inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Deng
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jingye Zhou
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Flora S. Sundersingh
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jennifer Summerfield
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Don Somers
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Jeffrey A. Messer
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alexander L. Satz
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Nicolas Ancellin
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France
| | - Christopher C. Arico-Muendel
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Katie L. (Sargent) Bedard
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Arthur Beljean
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Svetlana L. Belyanskaya
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ryan Bingham
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Sarah E. Smith
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Eric Boursier
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France
| | - Paul Carter
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Paolo A. Centrella
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Matthew A. Clark
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Chun-wa Chung
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Christopher P. Davie
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Delorey
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Yun Ding
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - G. Joseph Franklin
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - LaShadric C. Grady
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Kenny Herry
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France
| | - Clare Hobbs
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Christopher S. Kollmann
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Barry A. Morgan
- Platform
Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Quan Zhou
- Chemistry
Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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