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Pelt CE, Shakir S, Cahill MJ, Pupaibool J, Cahill BC. Delayed Diagnosis of Mycobacteriumbovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin Periprosthetic Joint Infection Following Total Knee Arthroplasty. Arthroplast Today 2024; 27:101350. [PMID: 38533423 PMCID: PMC10963199 DOI: 10.1016/j.artd.2024.101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can present challenges in diagnosis and treatment, particularly in the setting of atypical causative organisms such as fungi and mycobacteria. Herein, we present a case and provide a review of the diagnosis and treatment of an unusual PJI caused by bacillus Calmette-Guérin, administered during the treatment of bladder cancer 3 years prior to total knee arthroplasty and subsequent PJI. Although the patient's history of bladder cancer was known, neither his Bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment nor its potential for distant site spread that could lead to PJI were appreciated, leading to a prolonged diagnostic evaluation and treatment course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Pelt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Salika Shakir
- ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael J. Cahill
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jakrapun Pupaibool
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Barbara C. Cahill
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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2
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Laberko A, Yukhacheva D, Kan N, Roppelt A, Mukhina A, Rodina Y, Pershin D, Cheng A, Lionakis MS, Solopova G, Kadnikova O, Mushkin A, Novichkova G, Shcherbina A. BCG Infection in Patients With Inborn Errors of Immunity Receiving the Russian BCG Strain. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2022; 10:1797-1804.e7. [PMID: 35470098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus Calmette-Guierin (BCG) vaccination complications are common in inborn errors of immunity (IEI) due to the inability to clear live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis. Various BCG-vaccine strains are used worldwide, and the profile of the Russian BCG strain vaccine complications in IEI is poorly characterized. OBJECTIVE To evaluate risks of BCG infection in a large cohort of patients with IEI vaccinated with the Russian BCG strain. METHODS We evaluated 778 patients with IEI vaccinated with the Russian BCG strain. RESULTS A total of 114 (15%) developed BCG infection, 41 (36%) with local, 19 (17%) with regional, and 54 with (47%) disseminated disease. BCG infection was seen in 58% of the patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), 82% with chronic granulomatous disease, 50% with innate immune defects, 5% with combined immunodeficiency, and 2% with other IEI. BCG infection presented at a median age of 4 to 5 months in SCID, chronic granulomatous disease, combined immunodeficiency, and other IEI groups versus 12 months in patients with innate immune defects (P < .005). We found no influence of specific genetic defects, CD3+ and natural killer cell numbers in SCID, or dihydrorhodamine test stimulation index values in chronic granulomatous disease on the BCG-infection risks. All patients with SCID received antimycobacterial therapy at SCID diagnosis even in the absence of active BCG infection. More antimycobacterial agents were required in disseminated relative to local or regional infection (P < .0001). Only 1 of 114 patients (with SCID) died of BCG-related complications (<1%). CONCLUSIONS BCG infection is common in patients with IEI receiving BCG vaccination. Rational early antimycobacterial therapy, combined with anticytokine agents for posttransplant inflammatory syndrome prevention, and treatment in SCID may prevent BCG-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Laberko
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Daria Yukhacheva
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nelly Kan
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Roppelt
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Mukhina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Rodina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Pershin
- Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aristine Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Galina Solopova
- Department of Infection Control, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kadnikova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Mushkin
- Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedic Clinic, Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Galina Novichkova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
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Soyak Aytekin E, Keskin A, Tan C, Yalçın E, Dogru D, Ozcelik U, Kiper N, Tezcan I, Cagdas D. Differential diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency in patients with BCGitis and BCGosis: A single-centre study. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13084. [PMID: 34780073 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BCG infections occur more frequently in patients with underlying primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ratio of PIDD in the patients with BCG infections. Patients with BCG infections were analyzed in a tertiary referral centre in the 2015-2020 period. Forty-seven patients with BCGitis/BCGosis were evaluated; thirty-four (72.3%) had BCGitis, and 13 (27.7%) had BCGosis. Common tissue and organs affected are lymph nodes (57.4%), skin and subcutaneous tissue (48.9%), lungs (23.4%) and liver (17%). PIDD was shown in 26 patients (55.3%), including 92.3% of patients with BCGosis and 41.2% of patients with BCGitis. Ten patients had Mendelian susceptibility to Mycobacterial disease (MSMD) (21.2%), six had predominantly antibody deficiency (PAD) (12.7%), five had severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (10.6%), three had CGD (6.3%), and two had CID (4.2%). Mortality was reported in two patients (4.2%) with CID (ZAP70 deficiency (n = 1) and PIK3R1 deficiency (n = 1)). Parental consanguinity (84%), axillary lymphadenopathy (65%), mycobacterial lung disease (42%), hepatomegaly (30%) and growth retardation (19%) were significantly high in patients with PIDD diagnosis. Isolated vaccination site infection was also recorded in patients with PIDD (CID (n = 1), SCID (n = 1), PAD (n = 5)). BCG vaccination should be planned with caution for the cases with suspected PIDD. This study indicates that almost all patients (92.3%) with BCGosis and one in every two patients (41.2%) with BCGitis have an underlying PIDD. Parental consanguinity, axillary lymphadenopathy, mycobacterial lung disease, hepatomegaly and growth retardation (19%) are important clinical features in the differential diagnosis of PIDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Soyak Aytekin
- Divisions of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Armagan Keskin
- Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cagman Tan
- Institute of Child Health, Immunology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Yalçın
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Dogru
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ugur Ozcelik
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nural Kiper
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tezcan
- Divisions of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Cagdas
- Divisions of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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García B, León-Lara X, Espinosa S, Blancas-Galicia L. [Mycobacterial disease in patients with chronic granulomatous disease]. Rev Alerg Mex 2021; 68:117-127. [PMID: 34525783 DOI: 10.29262/ram.v658i2.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inborn error of immunity that affects the functionality of phagocytosis; specifically, there's lack of production of oxygen-free radicals by NADPH oxidase. CGD manifests as severe and recurring bacterial and fungal infections, as well as local and systemic hyperinflammation. In countries where tuberculosis is endemic and the BCG vaccine is mandatory at birth, patients with CGD may present local or systemic reactions to this vaccine as first manifestation; besides, recurrent infections by M. tuberculosis may be present throughout their life. The susceptibility of these patients to mycobacteria is due to the excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the formation of granulomas that are inefficient in containing mycobacteria. In developed countries, patients with CGD do not present this type of infectious manifestations, except for migrants who come from developing countries. In this review, we present the characteristics of infections by BCG, M. tuberculosis, and other types of mycobacteria. Interestingly, there are no guidelines regarding anti-tuberculosis treatments in patients with CGD, so we propose the realization of a consensus by experts in order to establish guidelines for the treatment of mycobacterial disease in CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz García
- Secretaría de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Unidad de Investigación en Inmunodeficiencias, Ciudad de México, México.
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Saez-de-Ocariz M, Gámez-González LB, Rivas-Larrauri F, Castaño-Jaramillo LM, Toledo-Salinas C, Garrido-García LM, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Santamaría-Piedra M, Orozco-Covarrubias MDLL, Scheffler-Mendoza S, Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA. Kawasaki disease mimickers. Pediatr Int 2021; 63:880-888. [PMID: 33249696 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis that predominantly affects patients younger than 5 years. In the absence of an available, affordable diagnostic test, detailed clinical history and physical examination are still fundamental to make a diagnosis. METHODS We present five representative cases with KD-like presentations: systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, mycoplasma-induced rash and mucositis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, BCGosis, and the recently described multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) virus. RESULTS Rash, fever, and laboratory markers of inflammation can be present in several childhood diseases that may mimic KD. CONCLUSION The term 'Kawasaki syndrome' instead of 'Kawasaki disease' may be more appropriate. Physicians should consider an alternative diagnosis that may mimic KD, particularly considering MIS-C during the present pandemic, as an aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carla Toledo-Salinas
- Clinical Immunology Department, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Rolando Ulloa-Gutierrez
- Servicio de Infectología Pediátrica, Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáez Herrera", San José, Costa Rica
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Yadav RM, Dalvi A, Gupta M, Bargir UA, Shabrish S, Aluri J, Kulkarni M, Hule G, Kambli P, Setia P, Jodhawat N, Taur P, Desai M, Madkaikar MR. Spectrum of Inborn errors of immunity in a cohort of 90 patients presenting with complications to BCG vaccination in India. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13010. [PMID: 33325540 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
World Health Organisation recommends the practice of BCG vaccination at birth in countries which have a high incidence of tuberculosis and/or high leprosy burden. The BCG vaccination is considered safe for a competent immune system. However, in children with weakened immune systems cause of which can be primary or secondary, the vaccine may lead to side effects which can be localized or disseminated. In this study, we report a spectrum of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) commonly referred to as primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) diagnosed in a large cohort of patients presenting with complications to BCG vaccination from India. Retrospective data analysis of patients referred to ICMR- National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR-NIIH) for IEI workup between 2007 and 2019 was done. IEI was identified in n = 52/90 (57.7%) patients presenting with BCG complications. Of these, n = 13(14.4%) patients were diagnosed with severe combined immune deficiency, n = 15(16.7%) with chronic granulomatous disease, n = 19(21.1%) with Inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity, n = 4(4.4%) with Combined immunodeficiency and n = 1(1.1%) with Leucocyte Adhesion Deficiency type1. Majority of cases with BCGosis (88%) had an underlying IEI. This study strongly highlights the need for evaluation of patients with BCG complications for underlying IEI. While disseminated BCGosis strongly predicts underlying IEI, even localized persistent adenitis may be a warning sign of underlying IEI. It is also strongly recommended to record a family history of previous sibling death prior to administration of this live vaccine and deferring live vaccine till the diagnosis of IEI is ruled out in cases with a positive family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Malik Yadav
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Aparna Dalvi
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Maya Gupta
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Umair Ahmed Bargir
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Snehal Shabrish
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Jahnavi Aluri
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Manasi Kulkarni
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Gouri Hule
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Priyanka Kambli
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Priyanka Setia
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Neha Jodhawat
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Prasad Taur
- Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Mukesh Desai
- Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Manisha Rajan Madkaikar
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
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Sohani M, Habibi S, Delavari S, Shahkarami S, Yazdani R, Shirmast P, Nazari F, Moeini Shad T, Mamishi S, Azizi G, Anka AU, Hassanpour G, Kalantari A, Shariat M, Shafiei A, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A. Evaluation of patients with primary immunodeficiency associated with Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-vaccine-derived complications. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2020; 48:729-37. [PMID: 33115608 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination has a great impact on the prevention of severe complications of tuberculosis. However, in patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID), it can lead to severe complications such as severe combined immunodeficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, and Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease. This study highlights the demographics, clinical complications and laboratory parameters among PID patients associated with BCG vaccination side effects. METHODS One hundred and thirty-seven PID patients with BCGosis were evaluated in this study, based on the complications following BCG vaccination. RESULTS The mean age of the patients with BCG complications at the time of the first visit was five years. The within-group comparison of patients showed a highly significant incidence of pneumonia and hepatomegaly in severe combined immunodeficiency patients. Furthermore, the immunologic data showed an increase in the overall rates of lymphocytes such as CD3+, CD4+ and CD8 + T cells in Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease patients. The level of immunoglobulins has also increased in chronic granulomatous disease patients. CONCLUSION The high rate of undiagnosed PIDs predisposes individuals to a high risk of severe side effects as a result of BCG vaccination, as well as infants that are less than one month of age. Therefore, there is a need for early screening and diagnosis of PIDs before exposing unknown PID status patients to BCG vaccination. The benefits of screening and early diagnosis of PID cannot be overemphasized, especially in patients with a previous family history of immunodeficiency.
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Headlam J, Wheeler A, Yuen K, Brierley E, Todd OM. Disseminated bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG): a cause of delirium in an older adult. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2020; 50:152-155. [PMID: 32568287 DOI: 10.4997/jrcpe.2020.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-vesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy is an effective treatment for high-risk bladder cancer. Less well known is that fewer than 1% of patients receiving BCG treatment can develop disseminated BCG. The reaction can range from a mild flu-like illness to a systemic disorder with a fulminant course which in the most severe cases can lead to death. The diagnostic yield is low and diagnosis is often made after a comprehensive exclusion of more common causes of pyrexia of unknown origin. A high level of suspicion is therefore required in those who may be at risk. We report a case of disseminated BCG in an older patient for whom early involvement of his family was pertinent to determining the precipitant for delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Headlam
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Alice Wheeler
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Keith Yuen
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Oliver M Todd
- Academic Unit for Ageing and Stroke Research University of Leeds, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK,
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Ong RYL, Chan SWB, Chew SJ, Liew WK, Thoon KC, Chong CY, Yung CF, Sng LH, Tan AM, Bhattacharyya R, Jamuar SS, Lim JY, Li J, Nadua KD, Kam KQ, Tan NWH. DISSEMINATED BACILLUS-CALMETTE-GUÉRIN INFECTIONS AND PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS IN SINGAPORE: A SINGLE CENTER 15-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 97:117-125. [PMID: 32497805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) disease (BCGosis) is a classical feature of children with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs). METHODS A 15-year retrospective review was conducted in KK Women's and Children's Hospital in Singapore, from January 2003 to October 2017. RESULTS Ten patients were identified, the majority male (60.0%). The median age at presentation of symptoms of BCG infections was 3.8 (0.8 - 7.4) months. All the patients had likely underlying PIDS - four with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID), three with Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Diseases (MSMD), one with Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia with Primary Immunodeficiency (EDA-ID), one with combined immunodeficiency (CID), and one with STAT-1 gain-of-function mutation. Definitive BCGosis was confirmed in all patients by the identification of Mycobacterium bovis subsp BCG from microbiological cultures. The susceptibility profiles of Mycobacterium bovis subsp BCG are as follows: Rifampicin (88.9%), Isoniazid (44.47%), Ethambutol (100.0%), Streptomycin (100.0%), Kanamycin (100.0%), Ethionamide (25.0%), and Ofloxacin (100.0%). Four patients (40.0%) received a three-drug regimen. Five patients (50.0%) underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), of which three (60%) have recovered. Overall mortality was 50.0%. CONCLUSION Disseminated BCG disease (BCGosis) should prompt immunology evaluation to determine the diagnosis of the immune defect. A three-drug regimen is adequate for treatment if the patient undergoes early HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Yue Ling Ong
- Department of Pharmacy, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
| | - Su-Wan Bianca Chan
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Siu Jun Chew
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Woei Kang Liew
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Koh Cheng Thoon
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, National Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Chia-Yin Chong
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, National Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Chee Fu Yung
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, National Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Li-Hwei Sng
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Division of Pathology, Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital
| | - Ah Moy Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Haematology/Oncology Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Rajat Bhattacharyya
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Haematology/Oncology Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Saumya Shekhar Jamuar
- Genetics Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jiin Ying Lim
- Genetics Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Jiahui Li
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Karen Donceras Nadua
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Kai-Qian Kam
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Natalie Woon-Hui Tan
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, National Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore 636921, Singapore
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Hassanzad M, Valinejadi A, Darougar S, Hashemitari SK, Velayati AA. Disseminated Bacille Calmette-Guérin infection at a glance: a mini review of the literature. Adv Respir Med 2020; 87:239-242. [PMID: 31476012 DOI: 10.5603/arm.2019.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunodeficient children are at a high risk of disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin [BCG] infection. We assessed the literature on clinical manifestations of BCGosis in children with specific primary immunodeficiencies. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review of clinical practice articles by searching Medline, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar from their inception to date. RESULTS Thirty-seven articles were included regarding BCG vaccination and its dissemination in children with primary immunodeficiencies. Articles on dissemination after intravesicular BCG were excluded from the study. CONCLUSIONS Since disseminated BCG vaccination may be the first manifestation of a primary immunodeficiency disease, a comprehensive search for immunological defects in children developing these problems after BCG vaccination seems rational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hassanzad
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Valinejadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sepideh Darougar
- Department of Pediatrics, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fekrvand S, Yazdani R, Olbrich P, Gennery A, Rosenzweig SD, Condino-Neto A, Azizi G, Rafiemanesh H, Hassanpour G, Rezaei N, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-Vaccine-Derived Complications: A Systematic Review. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020; 8:1371-1386. [PMID: 32006723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated bacterial vaccine derived from Mycobacterium bovis, which is mostly administered to neonates in regions where tuberculosis is endemic. Adverse reactions after BCG vaccination are rare; however, immunocompromised individuals and in particular patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are prone to develop vaccine-derived complications. OBJECTIVE To systematically review demographic, clinical, immunologic, and genetic data of PIDs that present with BCG vaccine complications. Moreover, we performed a meta-analysis aiming to determine the BCG-vaccine complications rate for patients with PID. METHODS We conducted electronic searches on Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus (1966 to September 2018) introducing terms related to PIDs, BCG vaccination, and BCG vaccine complications. Studies with human subjects with confirmed PID, BCG vaccination history, and vaccine-associated complications (VACs) were included. RESULTS A total of 46 PIDs associated with BCG-VAC were identified. Severe combined immunodeficiency was the most common (466 cases) and also showed the highest BCG-related mortality. Most BCG infection cases in patients with PID were reported from Iran (n = 219 [18.8%]). The overall frequency of BCG-VAC in the included 1691 PID cases was 41.5% (95% CI, 29.9-53.2; I2 = 98.3%), based on the results of the random-effect method used in this meta-analysis. Patients with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases had the highest frequency of BCG-VACs with a pooled frequency of 90.6% (95% CI, 79.7-1.0; I2 = 81.1%). CONCLUSIONS Several PID entities are susceptible to BCG-VACs. Systemic neonatal PID screening programs may help to prevent a substantial amount of BCG vaccination complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Fekrvand
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Peter Olbrich
- Sección de Infectología e Inmunopatología, Unidad de Pediatría, Hospital Virgen del Rocío/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Andrew Gennery
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, and Paediatric Immunology and Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hosein Rafiemanesh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanpour
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Network for Immunology in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Mittal M, Mahajan N, Khatri A, Rai A, Saigal K. Cytological diagnosis in a clinically unsuspected case of disseminated BCGosis: A case report. Diagn Cytopathol 2019; 48:371-375. [PMID: 31858747 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is administered worldwide to neonates and considered safe. Serious complications like disseminated BCGosis are extremely rare occurrences (<1 per million vaccinations). A 6 months male was brought to paediatric outpatient department with fever and swelling over the dorsum of the left hand for 5 days. On examination, he was febrile and had hepatosplenomegaly. X-ray of the hand showed lytic lesions in the first and second metacarpals. Provisional clinical diagnosis included Langerhans cell histiocytosis, congenital syphilis, and haematological malignancy. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) was done from the swelling and showed diffuse sheets of histiocytes with both intracellular and extracellular rod-shaped unstained structures along with inflammatory cells. These ghost images stained positive with ZN stain. A cytological diagnosis of atypical mycobacteria vs leprosy was made. Child was revisited and found to have an active BCG scar. Further investigations showed low serum IgM and positive AFB culture. These bacilli were confirmed by GenoType MTBDR plus test as Mycobacterium bovis. Despite Antitubercular therapy, the patient succumbed to death. This case highlights the variable clinical presentation of BCGosis. Its occurrence may unmask any underlying immunodeficiency. If unfamiliar with the above cytological features and in absence of routinely performed special stains, the cytopathologist may miss these notorious organisms and treat such cases like suppurative lesions. To conclude, an early and definitive diagnosis of BCGosis can be established on FNAC which would ensure timely management and better outcome in this highly lethal entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Mittal
- Department of Pediatrics, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Mahajan
- Department of Pathology, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Delhi, India
| | - Arti Khatri
- Department of Pathology, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Delhi, India
| | - Anuradha Rai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Delhi, India
| | - Karnika Saigal
- Department of Microbiology, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Delhi, India
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Li T, Zhou X, Ling Y, Jiang N, Ai J, Wu J, Chen J, Chen L, Qian X, Liu X, Xi X, Xia L, Fan X, Lu S, Zhang WH. Genetic and Clinical Profiles of Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Disease and Chronic Granulomatous Disease in China. Front Immunol 2019; 10:73. [PMID: 30761141 PMCID: PMC6361786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin disease (D-BCG) in children with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) can be fatal, while its clinical characteristics remain unclear because both diseases are extremely rare. The patients with CGD receive BCG vaccination, because BCG vaccination is usually performed within 24 h after delivery in China. Methods: We prospectively followed-up Chinese patients with CGD who developed D-BCG to characterize their clinical and genetic characteristics. The diagnoses were based on the patients' clinical, genetic, and microbiological characteristics. Results: Between September 2009 and September 2016, we identified 23 patients with CGD who developed D-BCG. Their overall 10-year survival rate was 34%. We created a simple dissemination score to evaluate the number of infected organ systems and the survival probabilities after 8 years were 62 and 17% among patients with simple dissemination scores of ≤3 and >3, respectively (p = 0.0424). Survival was not significantly associated with the CGD stimulation index or interferon-γ treatment. Eight patients underwent umbilical cord blood transplantation and 5 of them were successfully treated. The genetic analyses found mutations in CYBB (19 patients), CYBA (1 patient), NCF1 (1 patient), and NCF2 (1 patient). We identified 6 novel highly likely pathogenic mutations, including 4 mutations in CYBB and 2 mutations in NCF1. Conclusions: D-BCG is a deadly complication of CGD. The extent of BCG spreading is strongly associated with clinical outcomes, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be a therapeutic option for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Ai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiazhen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Qian
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuhong Xi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuihua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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