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Salwa A, Ferraresi A, Secomandi E, Vallino L, Moia R, Patriarca A, Garavaglia B, Gaidano G, Isidoro C. High BECN1 Expression Negatively Correlates with BCL2 Expression and Predicts Better Prognosis in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Role of Autophagy. Cells 2023; 12:1924. [PMID: 37566004 PMCID: PMC10417641 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is characterized by high molecular and clinical heterogeneity. Autophagy, a lysosome-driven catabolic process devoted to macromolecular turnover, is fundamental in maintaining normal hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors homeostasis, and its dysregulation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of hematological malignancies. One main regulator of autophagy is BECLIN-1, which may interact alternatively with either BCL-2, thus allowing apoptosis, or PI3KC3, thus promoting autophagy. The altered expression of BCL2 and BECN1 correlates with lymphoma outcomes, but whether this is associated with dysregulated cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis remains to be elucidated. Analysis of the TCGA database revealed that BCL2 and BECN1 mRNA expression were inversely correlated in DLBCL patients. In representative DLBCL cell lines exposed to doxorubicin, the cells highly expressing BCL-2 were resistant, while the ones highly expressing BECLIN-1 were sensitive, and this correlated with low and high autophagy flux, respectively. Venetoclax targeting of BCL-2 increased while the spautin-1-mediated inhibition of BECLIN-1-dependent autophagy reversed doxorubicin sensitivity in the former and in the latter, respectively. By interrogating the TCGA DLBCL dataset, we found that BCL2 and BECN1 acted as negative and positive prognostic markers for DLBCL, respectively. The differentially expressed gene analysis in the respective cohorts revealed that BCL2 positively correlated with oncogenic pathways (e.g., glucose transport, HIF1A signaling, JAK-STAT signaling, PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway) and negatively correlated with autophagy-related transcripts, while BECN1 showed the opposite trend. Notably, patients with high BECN1 expression displayed longer survival. Our data reveal, for the first time, that the modulation of BECLIN-1-dependent autophagy influences the prognosis of DLBCL patients and provide a mechanistic explanation supporting the therapeutic use of drugs that, by stimulating autophagy, can sensitize lymphoma cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreen Salwa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.); (E.S.); (L.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Alessandra Ferraresi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.); (E.S.); (L.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Eleonora Secomandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.); (E.S.); (L.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Letizia Vallino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.); (E.S.); (L.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Riccardo Moia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (R.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (R.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Beatrice Garavaglia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.); (E.S.); (L.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (R.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.); (E.S.); (L.V.); (B.G.)
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Zhang Q, Grunberger JW, Khurana N, Zhou X, Xu X, Ghandehari H, Chen F. BECLIN-1-Mediated Autophagy Suppresses Silica Nanoparticle-Induced Testicular Toxicity via the Inhibition of Caspase 8-Mediated Cell Apoptosis in Leydig Cells. Cells 2022; 11:1863. [PMID: 35740992 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) in the testes leads to male reproductive toxicity. However, little is known about the effect and mechanistic insights of SNP-induced autophagy on apoptosis in Leydig cells. In this study, we aimed to verify the role of SNP-induced autophagy in apoptosis and explore the possible underlying mechanism in mouse primary Leydig cells (PLCs). H&E staining showed that SNPs changed the histological structures of the testes, including a reduction in the Leydig cell populations in vivo. CCK-8 assay showed that SNPs decreased cell viability, and flow cytometry showed that SNPs increased cell apoptosis, both in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Additionally, Western blotting further found that SNPs activated autophagy by an increase in BECLIN-1, ATG16L, and LC3-II levels and promoted the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis by an increase in the BAX/BCL-2 ratio, cleaved the caspase 8 and caspase 3 levels. Furthermore, autophagy decreased SNP-induced apoptosis via regulation of the caspase 8 level combined with rapamycin, 3-methyladenine, and chloroquine. BECLIN-1 depletion increased the caspase 8 level, leading to an increase in SNP-induced cell apoptosis. Collectively, this evidence demonstrates that SNPs activated BECLIN-1-mediated autophagy, which prevented SNP-induced testicular toxicity via the inhibition of caspase 8-mediated cell apoptosis in Leydig cells.
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Vidoni C, Ferraresi A, Secomandi E, Vallino L, Gardin C, Zavan B, Mortellaro C, Isidoro C. Autophagy drives osteogenic differentiation of human gingival mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:98. [PMID: 31426798 PMCID: PMC6701103 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Autophagy is a macromolecular degradation process playing a pivotal role in the maintenance of stem-like features and in the morpho-functional remodeling of the tissues undergoing differentiation. In this work we investigated the involvement of autophagy in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells originated from human gingiva (HGMSC). METHODS To promote the osteogenic differentiation of HGMSCs we employed resveratrol, a nutraceutical known to modulate autophagy and cell differentiation, together with osteoblastic inductive factors. Osteoblastic differentiation and autophagy were monitored through western blotting and immunofluorescence staining of specific markers. RESULTS We show that HGMSCs can differentiate into osteoblasts when cultured in the presence of appropriate factors and that resveratrol accelerates this process by up-regulating autophagy. The prolonged incubation with dexamethasone, β-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid induced the osteogenic differentiation of HGMSCc with increased expression of autophagy markers. Resveratrol (1 μM) alone elicited a less marked osteogenic differentiation yet it greatly induced autophagy and, when added to the osteogenic differentiation factors, it provoked a synergistic effect. Resveratrol and osteogenic inductive factors synergistically induced the AMPK-BECLIN-1 pro-autophagic pathway in differentiating HGMSCs, that was thereafter downregulated in osteoblastic differentiated cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of BECLIN-1-dependent autophagy precluded the osteogenic differentiation of HGMSCs. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy modulation is instrumental for osteoblastic differentiation of HGMSCs. The present findings can be translated into the regenerative cell therapy of maxillary / mandibular bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vidoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferraresi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Secomandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Letizia Vallino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Gardin
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, via Corriera 1, 48033, Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, via Corriera 1, 48033, Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy.,Medical Sciences Department, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmen Mortellaro
- Oral Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Science, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.
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Wright C, Iyer AKV, Kulkarni Y, Azad N. S-Nitrosylation of Bcl-2 Negatively Affects Autophagy in Lung Epithelial Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:521-32. [PMID: 26241894 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic cellular mechanism involving lysosomal degradation of unwanted cellular components. Interaction between Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 proteins is known to play a critical role in the initiation of autophagy. We report that malignantly transformed lung epithelial cells are resistant to autophagy and express lower basal levels of autophagic proteins, Beclin-1 and LC3-II as compared to non-tumorigenic cells. Additionally, increased levels of nitric oxide (NO) and Bcl-2 were observed in transformed cells. Nitric oxide was found to negatively regulate autophagy initiation and autophagic flux by nitrosylating Bcl-2 and stabilizing its interaction with Beclin-1, resulting in inhibition of Beclin-1 activity. An increase in the apoptotic initiator caspase-9 and the apoptosis and autophagy-associated kinase p38/MAPK in both cell types indicated possible autophagy-apoptosis crosstalk. Pre-treatments with ABT-737 (Bcl-2 inhibitor) and aminoguanidine (NO inhibitor), and transfection with a non-nitrosylable Bcl-2 cysteine double-mutant plasmid resulted in increased autophagic flux (LC3-II/p62 upregulation) corresponding with decreased S-nitrocysteine expression, thus corroborating the regulatory role of Bcl-2 S-nitrosylation in autophagy. In conclusion, our study reveals a novel mechanism of autophagy resistance via post-translational modification of Bcl-2 protein by NO, which may be critical in driving cellular tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia
| | | | - Yogesh Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Neelam Azad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia
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Antonioli M, Di Rienzo M, Piacentini M, Fimia GM. Emerging Mechanisms in Initiating and Terminating Autophagy. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 42:28-41. [PMID: 27765496 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradative process activated in a rapid and transient manner to cope with stress conditions. Whether autophagy is beneficial or detrimental depends upon the rate of induction and the appropriateness of the duration. Alterations in both autophagy initiation and termination predispose the cell to death, and affect the execution of other inducible processes such as inflammation. In this review we discuss how stress signaling pathways dynamically control the activity of the autophagy machinery by mediating post-translational modifications and regulatory protein interactions. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of TRIM and CULLIN families of ubiquitin ligases which play opposite roles in the autophagy response by promoting or inhibiting, respectively, the activity of the autophagy initiation complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Antonioli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Martina Di Rienzo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
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