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Liu B, Li Q, Gong Z, Zhao J, Gu B, Feng S. Staphylococcus aureus lipoproteins play crucial roles in inducing inflammatory responses and bacterial internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105364. [PMID: 34921958 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is caused by bacterial infection and characterized by inflammatory and infectious processes. Staphylococcus aureus frequently causes subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. In this study, we aimed to investigate the roles of S. aureus lipoproteins in inducing inflammatory responses and in mediating bacterial internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs). The results showed that TLR2 expression in bMECs infected with S. aureus isogenic mutant deficient in lipoprotein maturation was decreased compared to that in bMECs infected with wild-type S. aureus. Lipoproteins from S. aureus and the engagement of TLR2 were essential for inducing the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling, and stimulating the secretion of the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8). The production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the expression of PTGS2 in S. aureus-infected bMECs were dependent on the presence of bacterial lipoproteins. Furthermore, bacterial lipoproteins contributed to S. aureus internalization into bMECs. These findings suggest the S. aureus lipoproteins are key immunobiologically active compounds that trigger inflammatory responses in bMECs and play an important role in S. aureus internalization into bMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Qianru Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiguo Gong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiamin Zhao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Baichen Gu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Shuang Feng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010018, Hohhot, China.
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Muthusamy S, Jan HM, Hsieh MY, Mondal S, Liu WC, Ko YA, Yang WY, Mong KKT, Chen GC, Lin CH. Enhanced enzymatic production of cholesteryl 6'-acylglucoside impairs lysosomal degradation for the intracellular survival of Helicobacter pylori. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:72. [PMID: 34706729 PMCID: PMC8549234 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During autophagy defense against invading microbes, certain lipid types are indispensable for generating specialized membrane-bound organelles. The lipid composition of autophagosomes remains obscure, as does the issue of how specific lipids and lipid-associated enzymes participate in autophagosome formation and maturation. Helicobacter pylori is auxotrophic for cholesterol and converts cholesterol to cholesteryl glucoside derivatives, including cholesteryl 6ʹ-O-acyl-α-d-glucoside (CAG). We investigated how CAG and its biosynthetic acyltransferase assist H. pylori to escape host-cell autophagy. Methods We applied a metabolite-tagging method to obtain fluorophore-containing cholesteryl glucosides that were utilized to understand their intracellular locations. H. pylori 26695 and a cholesteryl glucosyltransferase (CGT)-deletion mutant (ΔCGT) were used as the standard strain and the negative control that contains no cholesterol-derived metabolites, respectively. Bacterial internalization and several autophagy-related assays were conducted to unravel the possible mechanism that H. pylori develops to hijack the host-cell autophagy response. Subcellular fractions of H. pylori-infected AGS cells were obtained and measured for the acyltransferase activity. Results The imaging studies of fluorophore-labeled cholesteryl glucosides pinpointed their intracellular localization in AGS cells. The result indicated that CAG enhances the internalization of H. pylori in AGS cells. Particularly, CAG, instead of CG and CPG, is able to augment the autophagy response induced by H. pylori. How CAG participates in the autophagy process is multifaceted. CAG was found to intervene in the degradation of autophagosomes and reduce lysosomal biogenesis, supporting the idea that intracellular H. pylori is harbored by autophago-lysosomes in favor of the bacterial survival. Furthermore, we performed the enzyme activity assay of subcellular fractions of H. pylori-infected AGS cells. The analysis showed that the acyltransferase is mainly distributed in autophago-lysosomal compartments. Conclusions Our results support the idea that the acyltransferase is mainly distributed in the subcellular compartment consisting of autophagosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes, in which the acidic environment is beneficial for the maximal acyltransferase activity. The resulting elevated level of CAG can facilitate bacterial internalization, interfere with the autophagy flux, and causes reduced lysosomal biogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00768-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikala Muthusamy
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.,Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hau-Ming Jan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Hsieh
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Soumik Mondal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yuan Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kwok-Kong Tony Mong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Chao Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan. .,Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Liu X, Zhu K, Duan X, Wang P, Han Y, Peng W, Huang J. Extracellular matrix stiffness modulates host-bacteria interactions and antibiotic therapy of bacterial internalization. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121098. [PMID: 34478931 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria evolve multiple strategies to hijack host cells for intracellular survival and persistent infections. Previous studies have revealed the intricate interactions between bacteria and host cells at genetic, biochemical and even single molecular levels. Mechanical interactions and mechanotransduction exert a crucial impact on the behaviors and functions of pathogenic bacteria and host cells, owing to the ubiquitous mechanical microenvironments like extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether and how ECM stiffness modulates bacterial infections and the sequential outcome of antibacterial therapy. Here we show that bacteria tend to adhere to and invade epithelial cells located on the regions with relatively high traction forces. ECM stiffness regulates spatial distributions of bacteria during the invasion through arrangements of F-actin cytoskeletons in host cells. Depolymerization of cytoskeletons in the host cells induced by bacterial infection decreases intracellular accumulation of antibiotics, thus preventing the eradication of invaded bacterial pathogens. These findings not only reveal the key regulatory role of ECM stiffness, but suggest that the coordination of cytoskeletons may provide alternative approaches to improve antibiotic therapy against multidrug resistant bacteria in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Liu
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, and Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaocen Duan
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, and Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Pudi Wang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, and Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yiming Han
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, and Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenjing Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianyong Huang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, and Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Kühbacher A, Cossart P, Pizarro-Cerdá J. Internalization Assays for Listeria monocytogenes. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2220:189-200. [PMID: 32975776 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0982-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a model intracellular pathogen that can invade the cytoplasm of host mammalian cells. Cellular invasion can be measured using standard techniques, such as the classical gentamicin protection assay, based on the quantification of colony-forming units from lysates of infected cells. In addition, there are methods based on immunofluorescence microscopy which allow for assaying invasion in a medium- to high-throughput manner. In the following sections, we detail two different assays that can be used alone or in combination to quantify the internalization of L. monocytogenes in host cells.
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Raynaud S, Le Pabic H, Felden B. Selective recovery of RNAs from bacterial pathogens after their internalization by human host cells. Methods 2018; 143:4-11. [PMID: 29709561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective RNA extractions are required when studying bacterial gene expression within complex mixtures of pathogens and human cells, during adhesion, internalization and survival within the host. New technologies should be developed and implemented to enrich the amount of bacterial RNAs since the majority of RNAs are from the eukaryotic host cells, requiring high read depth coverage to capture the bacterial transcriptomes in dual-RNAseq studies. This will improve our understanding about bacterial adaptation to the host cell defenses, and about how they will adapt to an intracellular life. Here we present an RNA extraction protocol to selectively enrich the lowest bacterial RNA fraction from a mixture of human and bacterial cells, using zirconium beads, with minimal RNA degradation. Zirconium beads have higher capacity to extract bacterial RNAs than glass beads after pathogen internalization. We optimized the beads size and composition for an optimal bacterial lysis and RNA extraction. The protocol was validated on two human cell lines, differentiated macrophages and osteoblasts, with either Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) or -negative (Salmonella typhimurium) bacteria. Relative to other published protocols, yield of total RNA recovery was significantly improved, while host cell infection was performed with a lower bacterial inoculum. Within the host, bacterial RNA recovery yields were about six-fold lower than an RNA extraction from pure bacteria, but the quality of the RNA recovered was essentially similar. Bacterial RNA recovery was more efficient for S. aureus than for S. typhimurium, probably due to their higher protection by the Gram-positive cell walls during the early step of eukaryotic cell lysis. These purified bacterial RNAs allow subsequent genes expression studies in the course of host cell-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Raynaud
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, BRM [Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine] UMR_S 1230, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Hélène Le Pabic
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, BRM [Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine] UMR_S 1230, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Brice Felden
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, BRM [Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine] UMR_S 1230, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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González B, Colilla M, Díez J, Pedraza D, Guembe M, Izquierdo-Barba I, Vallet-Regí M. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles decorated with polycationic dendrimers for infection treatment. Acta Biomater 2018; 68:261-271. [PMID: 29307796 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to provide an effective and novel solution for the treatment of infection by using nanovehicles loaded with antibiotics capable of penetrating the bacterial wall, thus increasing the antimicrobial effectiveness. These nanosystems, named "nanoantibiotics", are composed of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), which act as nanocarriers of an antimicrobial agent (levofloxacin, LEVO) localized inside the mesopores. To provide the nanosystem of bacterial membrane interaction capability, a polycationic dendrimer, concretely the poly(propyleneimine) dendrimer of third generation (G3), was covalently grafted to the external surface of the LEVO-loaded MSNs. After physicochemical characterization of this nanoantibiotic, the release kinetics of LEVO and the antimicrobial efficacy of each released dosage were evaluated. Besides, internalization studies of the MSNs functionalized with the G3 dendrimer were carried out, showing a high penetrability throughout Gram-negative bacterial membranes. This work evidences that the synergistic combination of polycationic dendrimers as bacterial membrane permeabilization agents with LEVO-loaded MSNs triggers an efficient antimicrobial effect on Gram-negative bacterial biofilm. These positive results open up very promising expectations for their potential application in new infection therapies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Seeking new alternatives to current available treatments of bacterial infections represents a great challenge in nanomedicine. This work reports the design and optimization of a new class of antimicrobial agent, named "nanoantibiotic", based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) decorated with polypropyleneimine dendrimers of third generation (G3) and loaded with levofloxacin (LEVO) antibiotic. The covalently grafting of these G3 dendrimers to MSNs allows an effective internalization in Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, the LEVO loaded into the mesoporous cavities is released in a sustained manner at effective antimicrobial dosages. The novelty and originality of this manuscript relies on proving that the synergistic combination of bacteria-targeting and antimicrobial agents into a unique nanosystem provokes a remarkable antimicrobial effect against bacterial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca González
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Colilla
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Díez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Pedraza
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Guembe
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Izquierdo-Barba
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
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