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Tzanetakos D, Vakrakou AG, Tzartos JS, Velonakis G, Evangelopoulos ME, Anagnostouli M, Koutsis G, Dardiotis E, Karavasilis E, Toulas P, Stefanis L, Kilidireas C. Heterogeneity of Baló's concentric sclerosis: a study of eight cases with different therapeutic concepts. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:400. [PMID: 33138795 PMCID: PMC7604966 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Baló’s Concentric Sclerosis (BCS) is a rare heterogeneous demyelinating disease with a variety of phenotypes on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Existing literature lacks data especially on the therapeutic approach of the disease which we intended to elucidate by means of suggesting a new possible BCS classification and introducing different therapeutic concepts based on each BCS-subgroup characteristics. Methods We present a retrospective study of eight treated patients with BCS-type lesions, emphasizing on MRI characteristics and differences on therapeutic maneuvers. Results Data analysis showed: at disease onset the BCS-type lesion was tumefactive (size ≥2 cm) in 6 patients, with a mean size of 2.7 cm (± 0.80 SD); a coexistence of MS-like plaques on brain MRI was identified in 7 patients of our cohort. The mean age was 26.3 years (±7.3 SD) at disease onset and the mean follow-up period was 56.8 months (range 9–132 months). According to radiological characteristics and response to therapies, we further categorized them into 3 subgroups: a) Group-1; BCS with or without coexisting nonspecific white matter lesions; poor response to intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP); treated with high doses of immunosuppressive agents (4 patients), b) Group-2; BCS with typical MS lesions; good response to IVMP; treated with MS-disease modifying therapies (2 patients), c) Group-3; BCS with typical MS lesions; poor response to IVMP; treated with rituximab (2 patients). Conclusions Our study introduces a new insight regarding the categorization of BCS into three subgroups depending on radiological features at onset and during the course of the disease, in combination with the response to different immunotherapies. Immunosuppressive agents such as cyclophosphamide are usually effective in BCS. However, therapeutic alternatives like anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies or more classical disease-modifying MS therapies can be considered when BCS has also mixed lesions similar to MS. Future studies with a larger sample size are necessary to further establish these findings, thus leading to better treatment algorithms and improved clinical outcomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-020-01971-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tzanetakos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - A G Vakrakou
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - J S Tzartos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Velonakis
- Research Unit of Radiology - 2nd Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M E Evangelopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Anagnostouli
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Koutsis
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - E Karavasilis
- Research Unit of Radiology - 2nd Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Toulas
- Research Unit of Radiology - 2nd Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - L Stefanis
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - C Kilidireas
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Ayrignac X, Letourneau-Guillon L, Carra-Dallière C, Duquette P, Girard M, Poirier J, Lahav B, Larochelle C, Prat A. From Baló's concentric sclerosis to multiple sclerosis: a series of 6 patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 42:102078. [PMID: 32408148 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Baló's concentric sclerosis (BCS) is a rare CNS disorder characterized by alternating bands of demyelination on MRI. One of the main issues is its relationship with multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVES To describe 6 BCS patients. To review the risk of developing MS in BCS patients. METHODS We retrospectively recorded clinical and radiological findings of 6 BCS patients and performed a review of the literature. RESULTS Six patients (5 women) with a mean age of 25 years old were included. Main symptoms were hemiparesis/hemihypoesthesia. On MRI, two patients had a single BCS lesion and four had additional MS-like lesions. Alternating bands were usually more visible on DWI. A patient had reduced central perfusion and SWI hypointensity suggestive of a central vein. Oligoclonal bands were identified in 5/6 patients. After 7 years of follow-up, all patients achieved MS criteria with mild disability (mean EDSS 1.75; 0-4). Our literature review included 65 BCS patients from 30 studies: although CSF oligoclonal bands and the presence of additional MS lesions were associated with subsequent relapses, this was not significant. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Our series allows a detailed MRI description in BCS and gives a new insight into BCS evolution and its strong relationship with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Ayrignac
- Clinique de Sclérose en plaques du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), and department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Neurologie, CRC sclérose en plaques, CHU Montpellier, INSERM, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Laurent Letourneau-Guillon
- Département de Radiologie et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), département de radiologie, radio-oncologie et médecine nucléaire, faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Clarisse Carra-Dallière
- Département de Neurologie, CRC sclérose en plaques, CHU Montpellier, INSERM, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Clinique de Sclérose en plaques du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), and department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- Clinique de Sclérose en plaques du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), and department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - José Poirier
- Clinique de Sclérose en plaques du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), and department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Boaz Lahav
- Clinique de Sclérose en plaques du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), and department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Clinique de Sclérose en plaques du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), and department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Clinique de Sclérose en plaques du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), and department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Stork L, Ellenberger D, Ruprecht K, Reindl M, Beißbarth T, Friede T, Kümpfel T, Gerdes LA, Gloth M, Liman T, Paul F, Brück W, Metz I. Antibody signatures in patients with histopathologically defined multiple sclerosis patterns. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:547-64. [PMID: 31950335 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early active multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions can be classified histologically into three main immunopathological patterns of demyelination (patterns I–III), which suggest pathogenic heterogeneity and may predict therapy response. Patterns I and II show signs of immune-mediated demyelination, but only pattern II is associated with antibody/complement deposition. In pattern III lesions, which include Baló’s concentric sclerosis, primary oligodendrocyte damage was proposed. Serum antibody reactivities could reflect disease pathogenesis and thus distinguish histopathologically defined MS patterns. We established a customized microarray with more than 700 peptides that represent human and viral antigens potentially relevant for inflammatory demyelinating CNS diseases, and tested sera from 66 patients (pattern I n = 12; II n = 29; III n = 25, including 8 with Baló’s), healthy controls, patients with Sjögren’s syndrome and stroke patients. Cell-based assays were performed for aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and AQP4 antibody detection. No single peptide showed differential binding among study cohorts. Because antibodies can react with different peptides from one protein, we also analyzed groups of peptides. Patients with pattern II showed significantly higher reactivities to Nogo-A peptides as compared to patterns I (p = 0.02) and III (p = 0.02). Pattern III patients showed higher reactivities to AQP1 (compared to pattern I p = 0.002, pattern II p = 0.001) and varicella zoster virus (VZV, compared to pattern II p = 0.05). In patients with Baló’s, AQP1 reactivity was also significantly higher compared to patients without Baló’s (p = 0.04), and the former revealed distinct antibody signatures. Histologically, Baló’s patients showed loss of AQP1 and AQP4 in demyelinating lesions, but no antibodies binding conformational AQP1 or AQP4 were detected. In summary, higher reactivities to Nogo-A peptides in pattern II patients could be relevant for enhanced axonal repair and remyelination. Higher reactivities to AQP1 peptides in pattern III patients and its subgroup of Baló’s patients possibly reflect astrocytic damage. Finally, latent VZV infection may cause peripheral immune activation.
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Jarius S, Haas J, Paul F, Wildemann B. Myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis (Schilder's disease) is immunologically distinct from multiple sclerosis: results from retrospective analysis of 92 lumbar punctures. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:51. [PMID: 30819213 PMCID: PMC6396538 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis (MDS; also termed Schilder's disease) is a rare inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system characterised by demyelination of vast areas of the white matter. It is unclear whether MDS is a variant of multiple sclerosis (MS) or a disease entity in its own right. OBJECTIVE To compare the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) features of MDS with those of MS. METHODS Retrospective analysis of the CSF profile of all patients with MDS reported in the medical literature between 1960 and 2018. RESULTS The most striking finding was a substantial lack of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in MDS, which were absent in at least 77% (30/39) of all lumbar punctures (LP) in the total cohort and in 86% in the subgroup of patients with normal very long-chain fatty acid serum ratios (VLCFA). Almost all cases published in the past 15 years were negative for OCBs. These findings are in contrast to MS, in which OCBs are present in up to 98% of cases (p < 0.00001 when compared with reference works in MS; both in adult and in pediatric patients). CSF pleocytosis was absent in at least 79% (46/58) of all LP (p < 0.0001 vs. MS) and in 92% (24/26) of LPs in the VLCFA-tested subgroup. CSF total protein levels were elevated in 56% of all LPs (p < 0.0001 vs. MS) and in 63% of LPs in the VLCFA-tested subgroup and were often higher than in typical MS (> 100 mg/dL in 13/22; up to 220 mg/dL). EBV serum antibodies, which are present in virtually all patients with MS, and the so-called MRZ (measles/rubella/zoster) reaction, a highly specific marker of MS, were absent in all of the few patients tested. In addition, we discuss further differences between MS and MDS, taking into account also Schilder's original comprehensive case description from 1912. CONCLUSION In the majority of patients diagnosed with MDS, CSF features differ significantly from those typically found in MS and are more similar to those previously reported in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G (IgG)-positive encephalomyelitis, aquaporin-4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders or Baló's concentric sclerosis. Our data suggest that MDS and MS are immunopathologically distinct entities in the majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - J Haas
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Zhou Z, Qian D, Liu L, Zhang W, Liu Z. Central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases with stroke-like onset and their responses to thrombolysis. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1943-7. [PMID: 26105508 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Baló's concentric sclerosis is a primary inflammatory central nervous system demyelinating disease that is considered a rare, radiographically and pathologically distinct variant of multiple sclerosis. Baló's concentric sclerosis is characterized by alternating rings of demyelinated and myelinated axons, and it is most frequently diagnosed postmortem by autopsy or, more recently, by magnetic resonance imaging without pathologic verification. This report is of a case of Baló's concentric sclerosis in which the patient presented with left-sided focal sensorimotor deficits. The patient's lesion demonstrated characteristics of Baló's concentric sclerosis by magnetic resonance imaging, but since a neoplastic process was also suspected initially, the patient underwent a surgical biopsy. This pathology sample now provides the opportunity to correlate the tissue diagnosis of demyelination with characteristic magnetic resonance imaging findings; this comparison is infrequently found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Darke
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Farshad M Bahador
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Douglas C Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Norman S Litofsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Humera Ahsan
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, MO, USA
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