Bamboo shoots improve the nutritional and sensory quality, and change flavor composition of chicken soup

The effect of adding bamboo shoots to stewing on the quality and flavor of chicken soup has never been reported. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of 4 kinds of bamboo shoots on the edible quality, volatile and water-soluble flavor components of Chahua chicken soup. The results showed that adding bamboo shoots changed the sensory and nutritional quality of chicken soup. A total of 62 volatile flavor components were identified by HS-SPME-GC-MS, of which 12 were identified as characteristic volatile flavor components, and 9 were the main reasons for the flavor differences between bamboo shoot chicken soup with blank chicken soup. LC-MS found that after adding bamboo shoots, the differential water-soluble components in chicken soup significantly increased, and most of the increased components have been proven to have physiological functional activity. In conclusion, adding bamboo shoots improved the nutritional and sensory quality, and changed the flavor components of chicken soup.

Screening and evaluation of bamboo shoots: Comparing the content of trace elements from 100 species

Hundreds of bamboo shoots have been reported to be edible, but the accumulation of trace elements and hazardous elements in bamboo shoots is poorly understood. Here, 100 bamboo species have been evaluated by screening elements including B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and As in bamboo shoots using different assessment systems. Bamboo shoots displayed different morphological characteristics, and large differences were found in the concentration of elements. Most bamboo shoots were rich in Fe and Zn and low concentrations of hazardous elements, but the concentration of Cd and Pb exceeded the maximum permissible limits of tuber vegetables in some bamboo species. Different bamboo shoots were ranked differently in the four assessment systems, and the comprehensive evaluation assigned final scores to all 100 bamboo shoots. This study provides valuable recommendations for selecting high-quality bamboo shoots that are rich in trace elements nutrition while minimizing the potential for hazardous element accumulation.

Quality improvement of bamboo shoots by removal of antinutrients using different processing techniques: A review

Bamboo shoot is highly nutritious and contains a plethora of health-promoting bioactive compounds. It is a valuable source of food for Asiatic countries but it contains some antinutrients such as cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, tannins, oxalates and phytates which deter its consumption due to safety issues. The most predominant antinutrient in bamboo shoot is cyanogenic glycosides. It causes increase in blood glucose and lactic acid levels and a decrease in the ATP/ADP ratio indicating the shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. The anti-nutrients such as phytate can cause vitamins and minerals deficiencies. Though anti-nutrients may have deleterious effect when present in high concentration, they may also exert beneficial health effects at low concentrations. In order to eliminate or reduce the level of anti-nutrients to barest minimum, appropriate processing techniques such as soaking, boiling, drying and fermentation can be used. The cyanogen content in bamboo shoots range from 36.32 to more than 1000 mg/kg. Impact of different processing techniques revealed that, fermentation is the best method for reducing the antinutrient content and improving the quality of bamboo shoots as well as increasing the shelf life of the shoots.

Prevernalis) dietary fiber modified by subcritical water and high pressure homogenization: a comparative study

In presented study, the effects of subcritical water (SW) and high pressure homogenization (HPH) treatments on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of dietary fibers (DFs) from bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys praecox f. Prevernalis) were investigated. The soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content was dramatically increased in SW and HPH treated DFs. Compared with HPH, SW modification enhanced higher physicochemical properties including water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC) and swelling capacity (SC) of DFs. The abilities of DFs to absorb cholesterol and nitrite ions were both greatly increased after treatments. The results of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the structure of DFs were changed by SW and HPH. In conclusion, SW treatment showed better effects on improvement of physicochemical properties of bamboo shoot DFs than that of HPH, and the modified DFs could be a potential new functional foods or food additives.

Effects of bamboo shoots (Bambusa balcooa) on thyroid hormone synthesizing regulatory elements at cellular and molecular levels in thyrocytes

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Bamboo shoots (BS) are consumed in various forms and used largely in naturopathy for curing ailments since ancient times to present days. It is eaten in South East Asian countries in several indigenous preparations. In north east India, it is consumed predominantly and used as natural cure to treat various diseases. Although known for its beneficial effects, adverse effects including goitrogenic/antithyroidal potential are emerging.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Endemic goiter exists in Manipur, India even after adequate iodine intake for consumption of BS. It is thus important to study the impact of this goitrogenic food on certain thyroid hormone synthesizing regulatory factors at cellular and molecular level in thyrocytes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Phytochemical analysis of BS - Bambusa balcooa Roxb (BSBR) extract conducted. IC₅₀ of the extract on thyrocytes in culture was determined. To study the antithyroid effects of this goitrogenic food, activity status of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, TPO and Deiodinase, mRNA and protein expressions of NIS, TPO and PAX8 were investigated with and without extra iodine in culture media. Simultaneously ROS generation in terms of H₂O₂ and antioxidant status, NO, LPO were assayed.

RESULTS

Activities of the studied enzymes decreased depending on dose and time with increased H₂O₂, decreased antioxidants followed by increased NO with LPO. DNA damage and LDH also increased while mRNA and protein expression of NIS, TPO and PAX8 were downregulated. Extra iodine ameliorated all such effects partially.

CONCLUSIONS

Bioactive constituents of the extract imbalances oxidative status of thyrocytes impairing action of hormone synthesizing elements at cellular and molecular level.

Optimization of cellulose nanocrystals from bamboo shoots using Response Surface Methodology

Cellulose-based advanced materials, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), have high potential application for drug delivery system. In this study, the CNC were produced from bamboo shoots using acid hydrolysis process. The delignification of bamboo shoots was conducted using alkali and hydrogen peroxide pretreatment processes. The operating condition of the production of CNC from bamboo shoots was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the yield and crystals recovery as the responses. The optimum CNC yield of 50.67 ± 0.74% with a crystals recovery of 77.99 ± 1.14% was obtained at the sulfuric acid concentration of 54.73 wt% and a temperature of 39 °C from the optimization based on the yield. This optimization has been validated to confirm the accuracy.

Degradation of bamboo lignocellulose by bamboo snout beetle Cyrtotrachelus buqueti in vivo and vitro: efficiency and mechanism

BACKGROUND

As an important biomass raw material, the lignocellulose in bamboo is of significant value in energy conversion. The conversion of bamboo lignocellulose into fermentable reducing sugar, i.e. the degradation of bamboo lignocellulose, is an important step in lignocellulose conversion. However, little research has focussed on excavating the enzymes and microbes that are related to the degradation of bamboo lignocellulose, which is important for its utilisation. This study used Cyrtotrachelus buqueti (bamboo snout beetle) to evaluate the efficiency of bamboo lignocellulose degradation.

RESULTS

RNA sequencing was conducted to sequence the transcriptome of the insect before and after feeding on bamboo shoots. The expression levels of genes encoding several carbohydrate-active enzymes, such as endoglucanase (evgtrinloc27093t1 and evgtrinloc16407t0) and laccase (evgtrinloc15173t0 and evgtrinloc11252t0), were found to be upregulated after feeding. Faecal component analysis showed that the degradation efficiencies of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were 61.82%, 87.65% and 69.05%, respectively. After 6 days of co-culture with crude enzymes in vitro, the degradation efficiencies of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in bamboo shoot particles (BSPs) were 24.98%, 37.52% and 26.67%, respectively. These results indicated that lignocellulosic enzymes and related enzymes within the insect itself co-degraded bamboo lignocellulose. These finding can potentially be used for the pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of bamboo lignocellulose.

CONCLUSION

Our results showed that intestinal digestive enzymes from C. buqueti degraded bamboo shoot lignocellulose both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the expression levels of many carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) genes were upregulated in the transcriptome, including those for cellulase, xylanase and ligninase genes. Therefore, we proposed a scheme for applying the lignocellulolytic enzymes from C. buqueti to degrade bamboo lignocellulose using genetic, enzymatic and fermentation engineering techniques to overexpress the lignocellulolytic enzymes genes in vitro and obtain large quantities of enzymes that could efficiently degrade bamboo lignocellulose and be used for lignocellulose bioconversion.

Evaluation of aqueous ammonia pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of different fractions of bamboo shoot and mature bamboo

The production of fermentable sugars from different fractions of bamboo shoots and mature bamboos (Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens) by cellulase and/or xylanase was investigated. Aqueous ammonia pretreatment exhibited high but different delignification capacities for different bamboo fractions. Supplementation of cellulases with xylanase synergistically improved the glucose and xylose yields of mature bamboo fractions. High hydrolyzability was observed in the hydrolysis of both non-pretreated and pretreated bamboo shoot fractions, suggesting pretreatment was not necessary for the hydrolysis of bamboo shoots. High hydrolyzability together with the advantages of low lignin content, fast growth, and widely distribution demonstrated that bamboo shoots were excellent lignocellulosic materials for the production of bioethanol and other biochemicals.

Precooking processing of bamboo shoots for removal of anti-nutrients

Bamboo shoots being low in fat, high in dietary fiber and rich in mineral content, like an ideal vegetable have been used traditionally. Besides nutrients, bamboo shoots also contain lethal concentration of the anti-nutrient (cyanogen) that need to be removed before human consumption. Therefore an attempt has been made to find out the best processing method for confiscation of cyanogens. B. bambos, B. tulda, D. strictus and D.asper were selected for the study. Fresh and processed bamboo shoots were analyzed for their various nutritional and anti-nutritional contents. Carbohydrate content in fresh shoots of studied species ranged from 2.39%-3.6%, proteins from 1.65%-2.08%, phenols from 0.36%-0.63%, cyanogens from 0.011%-0.018%, minerals did not vary significantly among the species except potassium which ranged from 0.32%-0.52%. The shoots were processed by boiling in water and different concentrations of NaCl (1%, 5% and 10%) for different intervals (10, 15, 20 and 25 min) to achieve maximum removal of cyanogens with minimum loss of nutrients. Boiling shoots in 5% NaCl for 15 min was found to be the best method for B. bamboos, 10 min boiling in 1% NaCl for B. tulda, 15 min boiling in 1% NaCl for D. strictus and 10 min boiling in 5% NaCl for D. asper. These processing methods will be very useful in utilization of bamboo shoots as these are very simple and can be used by the local inhabitants and shoot processing industries.