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Wang A, Du N, Song H, Zhang Y, Zhong X, Wu J, Xue T, Liu M, Wang B, Lv K, Lu Y. Design, synthesis and antitubercular activity of novel N-(amino)piperazinyl benzothiazinones with improved safety. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115545. [PMID: 37300914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains a major global health problem and new therapeutic antitubercular agents are urgent needed. Among the novel antituberculosis drugs in the pipeline, Benzothiazinones (BTZs) are among the most potent antituberculosis agents against both drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. Our group has focused on structural modifications of the side chain at C-2 position of the BTZ core and WAP-2101/2102 with excellent in vitro activity were discovered in our lab. However, the severe in vivo toxicity was observed during subsequent acute toxicity evaluation. Herein, a series of novel N-(amino)piperazinyl benzothiazinone derivatives were designed and synthesized as new anti-TB agents to reduce the in vivo toxicity. Our results show that majority of them exhibit the same potent or comparable activity against both MTB H37Rv and MDR-MTB strains (MIC: 4.00 - <1 ng/mL) as PBTZ169. Especially, compound 2c with low cardiac toxicity, low cell cytotoxicity and acceptable oral pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles have low acute toxicity in mice (LD50 > 500 mg/kg), suggesting it may serve as a promising lead compound for further antitubercular drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apeng Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Na Du
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Huijuan Song
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuehao Zhang
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xijun Zhong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jizhou Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tiezheng Xue
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Mingliang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital College of Pharmacy, Medical University, Beijing, 100149, China
| | - Kai Lv
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yu Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital College of Pharmacy, Medical University, Beijing, 100149, China.
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2
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Madikizela B, Eckhardt T, Goddard R, Richter A, Lins A, Lehmann C, Imming P, Seidel RW. Synthesis, structural characterization and antimycobacterial evaluation of several halogenated non-nitro benzothiazinones. Med Chem Res 2021;:1-11. [PMID: 34131377 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
8-Nitro-1,3-benzothiazin-4-ones (BTZs), with BTZ043 and PBTZ169 as the most advanced compounds, represent a new class of potent antitubercular agents, which irreversibly inhibit decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose-2'-epimerase (DprE1), an enzyme crucial for cell wall synthesis in the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Synthesis, structural characterization and in vitro testing against Mycobacterium aurum DSM 43999 and M. tuberculosis H37Rv of halogenated 2-(4-ethoxycarbonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3-benzothiazin-4-ones lacking a nitro group are reported. X-ray crystallography reveals that the structure of the BTZ scaffold can significantly deviate from planarity. In contrast to recent reports, the results of the present study indicate that further investigation of halogenated non-nitro BTZs for antitubercular activity is less than a promising approach.
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3
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Wang A, Xu S, Chai Y, Xia G, Wang B, Lv K, Ma C, Wang D, Wang A, Qin X, Liu M, Lu Y. Design, synthesis and biological activity of N-(amino)piperazine-containing benzothiazinones against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 218:113398. [PMID: 33823392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel benzothiazinone derivatives containing a N-(amino)piperazine moiety, based on the structure of WAP-1902 discovered in our lab, were designed and synthesized as new anti-TB agents. Many of the compounds exhibited excellent in vitro activity against both drug-sensitive MTB strain H37Rv and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates (MIC: < 0.016 μg/mL), and good safety index (CC50: >64 μg/mL). Especially compound 1o displayed low hERG cardiac toxicity and acceptable oral pharmacokinetic profiles, indicating its promising potential to be a lead compound for future antitubercular drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apeng Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yun Chai
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Guimin Xia
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital College of Pharmacy, Medical University, Beijing, 100149, China
| | - Kai Lv
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Aoyu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qin
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Mingliang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yu Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital College of Pharmacy, Medical University, Beijing, 100149, China.
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Patel A, Redinger N, Richter A, Woods A, Neumann PR, Keegan G, Childerhouse N, Imming P, Schaible UE, Forbes B, Dailey LA. In vitro and in vivo antitubercular activity of benzothiazinone-loaded human serum albumin nanocarriers designed for inhalation. J Control Release 2020; 328:339-349. [PMID: 32827612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of human serum albumin (HSA) as a solubilising agent/drug delivery vehicle for pulmonary administration of antimycobacterial benzothiazinone (BTZ) compounds. The solubility of four novel BTZ compounds (IR 20, IF 274, FG 2, AR 112) was enhanced 2 to 140-fold by incubation with albumin (0.38-134 μg/mL). Tryptophan 213 residue quenching studies indicated moderate binding strength to Sudlow's site I. Nanoparticle manufacture achieved 37-60% encapsulation efficiency in HSA particles (169 nm, zeta potential -31 mV). Drug release was triggered by proteases with >50% released in 4 h. The antimycobacterial activity of IR 20 and FG 2 loaded in HSA nanoparticles was enhanced compared to DMSO/phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or albumin/PBS solutions in an in vitro M. tuberculosis-infected macrophage model. Intranasal instillation was used to achieve pulmonary delivery daily over 10 days to M. tuberculosis infected mice for FG2 HSA nanoparticles (0.4 mg/kg), FG 2 DMSO/saline (0.4 and 8 mg/kg) and a reference compound, BTZ043, DMSO/saline (0.4 and 8 mg/kg). A lower lung M. tuberculosis burden was apparent for all BTZ cohorts, but only significant for BTZ043 at both doses. In conclusion, mechanisms of HSA nanoparticle loading and release of BTZ compounds were demonstrated, enhanced antimycobacterial activity of the nanoparticle formulations was demonstrated in a biorelevant in vitro bioassay and the effectiveness of BTZ by pulmonary delivery in vivo was established with pilot evidence for effectiveness when delivered by HSA nanoparticles. Finally, the feasibility of developing an inhaled nanoparticle-in-microparticle powder formulation was ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayasha Patel
- Drug Delivery Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Natalja Redinger
- Forschungszentrum Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, PA Infections, Div. Cellular Microbiology, Parkallee 35, 23845 Borstel, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, Germany
| | - Adrian Richter
- Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str.4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Arcadia Woods
- Drug Delivery Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Robert Neumann
- Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str.4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Gemma Keegan
- Vectura Group plc, One Prospect West, Chippenham SN14 6FH, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Childerhouse
- Vectura Group plc, One Prospect West, Chippenham SN14 6FH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Imming
- Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str.4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Forschungszentrum Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, PA Infections, Div. Cellular Microbiology, Parkallee 35, 23845 Borstel, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, Germany
| | - Ben Forbes
- Drug Delivery Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Lea Ann Dailey
- University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Wang A, Lu Y, Lv K, Ma C, Xu S, Wang B, Wang A, Xia G, Liu M. Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of new benzothiazinones inspired by rifampicin/rifapentine. Bioorg Chem 2020; 102:104135. [PMID: 32736151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel benzothiazinone derivatives containing a N-((methylene)amino)piperazine moiety, inspired by rifampicin/rifapentine, were designed and synthesized. Seven compounds 1a and 1e-j show excellent in vitro activity against both drug-sensitive MTB strain H37Rv and drug-resistant clinical isolates (MIC: <0.029-0.110 μM), and accepted selective index (>1100->4000). Compound 1h displays good safety and pharmacokinetic profiles, suggesting its promising potential to be lead compound for future antitubercular drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apeng Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital College of Pharmacy, Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Kai Lv
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital College of Pharmacy, Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Aoyu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Guimin Xia
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Mingliang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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6
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Majewski MW, Tiwari R, Miller PA, Cho S, Franzblau SG, Miller MJ. Design, syntheses, and anti-tuberculosis activities of conjugates of piperazino-1,3-benzothiazin-4-ones (pBTZs) with 2,7-dimethylimidazo [1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxylic acids and 7-phenylacetyl cephalosporins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2068-71. [PMID: 26951749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most threatening diseases in the world and the need for development of new therapies is dire. Herein we describe the rationale for the design and subsequent syntheses and studies of conjugates between pBTZ and both the imidazopyridine and cephalosporin scaffolds. Overall some compounds exhibited notable anti-TB activity in the range of 2-0.2 μM in the Microplate Alamar Blue (MABA) Assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rohit Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Patricia A Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Sanghyun Cho
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, MIC 964, Rm. 412, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, MIC 964, Rm. 412, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Peng CT, Gao C, Wang NY, You XY, Zhang LD, Zhu YX, Xv Y, Zuo WQ, Ran K, Deng HX, Lei Q, Xiao KJ, Yu LT. Synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of 4-carbonyl piperazine substituted 1,3-benzothiazin-4-one derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1373-6. [PMID: 25754492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major human health problem. New therapeutic antitubercular agents are urgent needed to control the global tuberculosis pandemic. We synthesized a new series of 4-carbonyl piperazine substituted 1,3-benzothiazin-4-one derivatives and evaluated their anti-mycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra as well as their druggabilities. The results showed that most of these derivatives, especially the compounds with simple alkyl side chains, exhibited good antitubercular activities and favorable aqueous solubilities with no obvious cytotoxicity. It suggested that the 4-carbonyl piperazine substituents in benzothiazinone scaffold were well tolerated, in which the compound 8h, with an antitubercular activity of MIC 0.008 μM, exhibited an excellent aqueous solubility of 104 μg/mL, which was 100-fold better than the potent DprE1 inhibitor Comp.1 (BTZ038), also more soluble than PBTZ169.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Ting Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ning-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin-Yu You
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li-Dan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong-Xia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Xv
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei-Qiong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kai Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hong-Xia Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kun-Jie Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Luo-Ting Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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8
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Zhang P, Li S, Gao Y, Lu W, Huang K, Ye D, Li X, Chu Y. Novel benzothiazinones (BTOs) as allosteric modulator or substrate competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) with cellular activity of promoting glucose uptake. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2014;24:5639-5643. [PMID: 25467150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) plays a key role in insulin metabolizing pathway and therefore inhibition of the enzyme might provide an important therapeutic approach for treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Recently, discovery of ATP noncompetitive inhibitors is gaining importance not only due to their generally increased selectivity but also for the potentially subtle modulation of the target. These kinds of compounds include allosteric modulators and substrate competitive inhibitors. Here we reported two benzothiazinone compounds (BTO), named BTO-5h (IC50=8 μM) and BTO-5s (IC50=10 μM) as novel allosteric modulator and substrate competitive inhibitor of GSK-3β, respectively. Their different action modes were proved by kinetic experiments. Furthermore, BTO-5s was selected to check the kinases profile and showed little or even no activity to a panel of ten protein kinases at 100 μM, indicating it has good selectivity. Docking studies were performed to give suggesting binding modes which can well explain their impacts on the enzyme. Moreover, cell experiments displayed both compounds reduced the phosphorylation level of glycogen synthase in an intact cell, and greatly enhanced the glucose uptake in both HpG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. All of these results suggested BTO-5s and BTO-5h maybe have potentially therapeutic value for anti-diabetes. The results also offer a new scaffold for designing and developing selective inhibitors with novel mechanisms of action.
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