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Simão J, Chaudhary SA, Ribeiro AJ. Implementation of Quality by Design (QbD) for development of bilayer tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 184:106412. [PMID: 36828037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer tablets offer various drug release profiles for individual drugs incorporated in each layer of a bilayer tablet, which is rarely achievable by conventional tablets. These tablets also help avoid physicochemical incompatibilities between drugs and excipients. Successful manufacturing of such more complex dosage forms depends upon screening of material attributes of API and excipients as well as optimization of processing parameters of individual unit operations of the manufacturing process that must be strictly monitored and controlled to obtain an acceptable drug product quality and performance in order to achieve safety and efficacy per regulatory requirements. Optimizing formulation attributes and manufacturing processes during critical stages, such as blending, granulation, pre-compression, and main compression, can help avoid problems such as weight variation, segregation, and delamination of individual layers, which are frequently faced during the production of bilayer tablets. The main objective of this review is to establish the basis for the implementation of Quality by Design (QbD) system principles for the design and development of bilayer tablets, encompassing the preliminary and systematic risk assessment of critical material attributes (CMAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) with respect to in-process and finished product critical quality attributes (CQAs). Moreover, the applicability of the QbD methodology based on its purpose is discussed and complemented with examples of bilayer tablet technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Simão
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S A Chaudhary
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - A J Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; i3S, IBMC, Rua Alfredo Allen, Porto, Portugal.
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Zhang P, Xu P, Chung S, Bandari S, Repka MA. Fabrication of bilayer tablets using hot melt extrusion-based dual-nozzle fused deposition modeling 3D printing. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:121972. [PMID: 35787460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to fabricate bilayer tablets using hot-melt extrusion (HME)-based dual-nozzle fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques. Acetaminophen (APAP) and caffeine citrate (CC) were used as the model drugs. Five bilayer tablets with different formulations were developed and two different structures were printed for each formulation. Three-point bending, Hooke's law, and resistance and stiffness tests were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of the filaments. A novel method, 3D printed tablet retention rate, was developed and used for the first time to compare the printing quality of different filaments. The 3D printed tablets were evaluated to derive the drug release rates using a USP-II dissolution apparatus. HPMC HME 15LV and HPMCAS-LG were identified as good printing materials; however, HPMC HME 100LV was not suitable for printing under frequent nozzle switching conditions. Although mechanical characterization tests can be used to determine whether filaments can be printed, they cannot specifically distinguish the quality of printing between the filaments. Overall, this study revealed the successful fabrication of bilayer tablets via HME paired with dual-nozzle FDM 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Pengchong Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Sooyeon Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Kenjale P, Pokharkar V. Risk Assessment and QbD-Based Optimization of Sorafenib Tosylate Colon Targeted Bilayer Tablet: In Vitro Characterization, In Vivo Pharmacokinetic, and In Vivo Roentgenography Studies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:184. [PMID: 35773598 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The employment of site-specific administration in colon is a promising technique to improve efficacy and reduce systemic side effects of anticancer medications used in colorectal cancer. However, the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract and colonic environment limit the efficient delivery of orally administered anticancer drugs to the colon. These prerequisites can be fulfilled by a release modulated colon targeted drug delivery system (CTDDS) based on pH-dependent chronotherapeutic bilayer tablet of sorafenib tosylate (ST). Quality by design (QbD) was used to examine the risk assessment. The Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the core uncoated bilayer tablet, whereas the 22 factorial design was used to optimize the coating process. The amount of croscarmellose sodium, Eudragit® RLPO, and tablet hardness all had a significant impact on disintegration time and drug release, according to the results of the core uncoated bilayer optimization. The amount of Eudragit® S 100 and PEG 400 in the final coated tablet had a considerable impact on drug release. The optimized formulation demonstrated 5-h lag time, a peculiar feature of CTDDS. The pharmacokinetic studies of coated tablet in rabbits showed lower Cmax (4.45 ± 0.40 µg/mL) and AUC (148.52 ± 3.96 h µg/mL), whereas Tmax was substantially delayed (8.0 ± 0.57 h) compared to core uncoated tablet. The tablet remained intact until it reached the colon (> 4 h), according to the in vivo roentgenography studies. The present study revealed that a QbD approach can be useful to develop a rugged and scalable CTDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathmesh Kenjale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Varsha Pokharkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India.
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Jin G, Ngo HV, Wang J, Cui JH, Cao QR, Park C, Jung M, Lee BJ. Design and evaluation of in vivo bioavailability in beagle dogs of bilayer tablet consisting of immediate release nanosuspension and sustained release layers of rebamipide. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121718. [PMID: 35381311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a once-daily, bilayer matrix tablet with immediate (IR) and sustained release (SR) layers of poorly water-soluble and absorption site dependent rebamipide (RBM) to substitute three times a day IR tablet. Owing to the pH-dependent poor water solubility of RBM in low pH condition, salt-caged nanosuspensions (NSPs) consisting of RBM and poloxamer 407 (POX 407) or poloxamer 188 (POX 188) were prepared using an acid-base neutralization method to increase the dissolution rate, which was subsequently applied to the immediate-release (IR) layer. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) with different molecular weights (PEO 100,000 and PEO 5,000,000) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 4000 (HPMC 4000) were then investigated as SR agents to incorporate into the SR layer with pure RBM via wet granulation method. The dissolution profile of the optimized bilayer tablet having 50% IR and 50% SR layer of 300 mg RBM showed that the IR layer could rapidly disintegrate in pH 1.2 buffer solution within 2 h, reaching 50% of drug release from the tablet, followed by an extended drug release from the SR layer in pH 6.8 buffer over 24 h. An in vivo pharmacokinetic study was carried out in beagle dogs to compare the optimal formulation (300 mg RBM bilayer tablet) and the commercial tablet (Mucosta® 100 mg) as a reference. Unexpectedly, despite enhanced dissolution rate in a controlled manner, a designed bilayer tablet had no dose- and dosage form dependent in vivo bioavailability in beagle dogs as compared with IR 100 mg RBM reference tablet. It was evident that solubility in low pH condition, gastric residence time and absorption site of RBM should be carefully considered for designing specific SR or gastroretentive dosage form to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, PR China.
| | - Hai V Ngo
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jie Wang
- Student Affairs Department, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, PR China.
| | - Jing-Hao Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Qing-Ri Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Chulhun Park
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Minji Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Won DH, Park H, Ha ES, Kim HH, Jang SW, Kim MS. Optimization of bilayer tablet manufacturing process for fixed dose combination of sustained release high-dose drug and immediate release low-dose drug based on quality by design (QbD). Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120838. [PMID: 34197909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A fixed dose combination (FDC) bilayer tablet, consisting of high-dose metformin HCl in a sustained release layer and low-dose evogliptin tartrate in an immediate release layer, was developed based on a quality by design (QbD) approach. To implement QbD approach, the bilayer tableting process parameters judged as high risk through risk analysis were optimized by a central composite face-centered design as a design of experiment (DOE) methodology. Using DOE, the optimized conditions of the tableting process for drug products that satisfy the established quality target product profiles were obtained. The content uniformity of low-dose evogliptin tartrate in the optimized bilayer tablet prepared on a large scale was confirmed by at-line transmittance Raman spectroscopy as a process analytical technology. In addition, the in vitro drug release and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed that metformin HCl and evogliptin tartrate in the bilayer tablet is bioequivalent to those of the respective reference drugs. Furthermore, the physicochemical stability of the optimized bilayer tablet during storage under long-term and accelerated conditions was also confirmed. Therefore, it can be concluded that the QbD approach is an effective way to develop a new FDC bilayer tablet that is easy to scale up for successful commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han Won
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Dong-A ST Co. Ltd., Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-905, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, 33, Samyangro 144-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sol Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Ho Kim
- Dong-A ST Co. Ltd., Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-905, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jang
- Dong-A ST Co. Ltd., Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-905, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Soni A, Paprikar A, Lin S. Effect of alkalizing agent on abuse deterrent potential of multiple-unit ingestion of bilayer abuse-deterrent extended-release tablets using propranolol as model drug for opioids overdose crisis. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120480. [PMID: 33722755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of present study is to develop bilayer abuse-deterrent extended-release tablets (ADERTs) using propranolol HCl as model drug for opioids overdose crisis. Bilayer ADERTs were fabricated by direct compression and formulated with polymer matrix in extended-release drug layer coupled with alkalizing and aversive agents in fast-disintegrating pH modifying layer. Various alkalizing agents, like magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and calcium hydroxide, were evaluated for their abuse-deterrent potential via in-vitro drug release and extraction studies. Based on the outcomes, magnesium hydroxide was selected as an alkalizing agent, since it raised the pH of dissolving media near to pKa of the drug studied in this investigation. The formulated bilayer ADERTs with magnesium hydroxide provided similar drug release profiles as compared to conventional extended-release tablets for single-unit ingestion. However, upon ingestion of multiple-unit bilayer ADERTs, the fast-disintegrating pH modifying layer increases pH of dissolving media, while extended-release layer increases micro-environmental pH within tablets. Retarding drug release owing to low solubility of basic drug at higher pH was observed. Therefore, the application of alkalizing agent has impact on pH-dependent solubility of drug like opioids and demonstrate its useful potential to be incorporated in bilayer ADERTs for opioids overdose crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Soni
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Anuja Paprikar
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Senshang Lin
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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Namdev A, Jain D. Floating Drug Delivery Systems: An Emerging Trend for the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 16:874-886. [PMID: 31894738 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666191018163519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Floating drug delivery system (FDDS) is the main approach to prolonging the gastric residence time in the stomach in which the bilayer floating tablet has the main role. It is more suitable for the treatment of local infections such as peptic ulcer, gastritis, Zollinger-Ellision syndrome, indigestion, and other local infections related to the gastrointestinal tract and also used for systemic applications. FDDS provides protection for those drugs which are acid labile and have a short half-life. It also improves bioavailability, reduces drug waste, and enhances the residence time of drugs. Nowadays, various technologies are being used for the development of FDDS. Novel drug delivery systems incorporation into bilayer floating tablets have also broadened the role of FDDS. Polymers have the main role in the development of FDDS, which serve as carriers for the drug and determine the gastric retention time and drug protection. FDDS is also an easy, cheap, and more convenient method for dual drug delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Namdev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), India
| | - Dharmendra Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), India
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Abstract
To take full advantage of the drug delivery benefits offered by bilayer tablets, the common issue of weak interfacial bonding strength (IBS) with manufacturing must be overcome. This work seeks to characterize the effects of composition in individual layers and compaction pressure on the IBS. Mixtures of MCC and lactose in different ratios with and without HPMC were used where the first layer was compacted with two different pressures (20 and 100 MPa) followed by a second layer compaction pressure of 200 MPa. After identifying the failure mode as either at the interface or within a layer, the complex trends of bilayer tablet IBS as a function of MCC content were explained by considering the interplay between particle bonding strength and bonding area at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yu Chang
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Changquan Calvin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Georgy KR, Farid RM, Latif R, Bendas ER. A new design for a chronological release profile of etodolac from coated bilayer tablets: In-vitro and in-vivo assessment. J Adv Res 2019; 15:37-47. [PMID: 30581611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilayer tablet formulation of etodolac was formulated with a fast and a sustained release layers. Compression of optimized fast and sustained release layers into a bilayer tablet. Three successive coating layers of Opadry®, HPMC and Surelease® were applied on bilayer tablet. In-vitro dissolution showed a lag time of 4 h followed by a prolonged release over 24 h. Optimized formulation showed a prolonged anti inflammatory effect in rats.
Repeated dose medication usually maximizes adverse effects, while sustained release systems did not offer a fast onset of action. Etodolac was formulated to enable pulsatile and sustained drug release, which was chronologically more suitable as an anti-inflammatory drug. Eudragit® RSPO, Eudragit® RLPO, and HPMC K15M were added in the sustained release layer and tried in different ratios. Croscarmellose sodium or sodium starch glycolate were used as superdisintegrants for the fast release layer offering the loading dose for rapid onset of drug action. Bilayer tablets were successively coated with Opadry®II, HPMC K4M and E5 (1:40), and Surelease®. All formulations complied with the Pharmacopeial standards for post-compression parameters. In-vitro release profile illustrated a lag-time of 4 h followed by a rapid loading dose release for 2 h. A prolonged steady state release with a t1/2 of 11 h lastly occurred. The coated bilayer tablet showed pulsatile and sustained release effects in rats. The licking time and swelling degree were tested and results demonstrated significant difference (P < 0.05) between the sustained anti-inflammatory action of formulation C1 compared to other groups. Therefore the new chronological design could provide a consistent drug release over 24 h with good protection against associated symptoms of gastric release.
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Lee AR, Kwon SY, Choi DH, Park ES. Quality by Design (QbD) approach to optimize the formulation of a bilayer combination tablet (Telmiduo ®) manufactured via high shear wet granulation. Int J Pharm 2017; 534:144-158. [PMID: 29031980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A bilayer tablet, which consisted of telmisartan and amlodipine besylate, was formulated based on a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. The control and response factors were determined based on primary knowledge and the target values of the control tablet (Twynsta®). A D-optimal mixture design was used to obtain the optimal formulations in terms of D-mannitol, crospovidone, and MCC for the telmisartan layer, and CCM-Na, PVP K25, and Prosolv for the amlodipine layer. The quantitative effects of the different formulation factors on the response factors were accurately predicted using the equations of best fit and a strong linearity was observed between the predicted and actual values of the response factors. The optimized bilayer tablet was obtained using a numeric optimization technique and was characterized compared with a control (Twynsta®) by using various physical evaluations and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters. The physical stability of Telmiduo® was greater than that of Twynsta® owing to the improvement of formulation factors. The in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters suggested that Telmiduo® might have pharmaceutical equivalence and bioequivalence with Twynsta®. Therefore, the bilayer tablet that consisted of telmisartan and amlodipine besylate could be produced using a more economical and simpler method than that used to produce Twynsta®. Moreover, the suitability of QbD for effective product development in the pharmaceutical industry was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Ram Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; Jeil Pharmaceutical CO., LTD. Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17172, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Young Kwon
- Jeil Pharmaceutical CO., LTD. Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17172, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Hyung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gyeongnam, 621-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Seok Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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