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Kaur L, Singh J, Ashok A, Kumar V. Design expert based optimization of the pyrolysis process for the production of cattle dung bio-oil and properties characterization. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9421. [PMID: 38658602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to optimize pyrolysis conditions to maximize bio-oil yield from cattle dung, a waste product of livestock practices. Pyrolysis of cattle dung was carried out in batch type reactor. The pyrolysis process was optimized using a central composite design in response surface methodology, with conversion parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, vapor cooling temperature, residence time, and gas flow rate taken into account. The cattle dung bio-oil was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), an elemental analyzer, a pH probe, and a bomb calorimeter. Furthermore, the ASTM standard procedures were used to determine the bio-fuel characteristics. The optimized conditions were found to be a pyrolysis temperature of 402 °C, a vapor cooling temperature of 2.25 °C, a residence time of 30.72 min, and a gas flow rate of 1.81 l min-1, resulting in a maximum bio-oil yield of 18.9%. According to the findings, the yield of bio-oil was predominantly affected by pyrolysis temperature and vapor cooling temperature. Moreover, the bio-oil that was retrieved was discovered to be similar to conventional liquid fuels in numerous ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovepreet Kaur
- Department of Farm Machinery & Power Engineering, G B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India.
| | - Jayant Singh
- Department of Farm Machinery & Power Engineering, G B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - Alaknanda Ashok
- Department of Electrical Engineering, G B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248016, India
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Ibrahim MD, Abakr YA, Gan S, Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S. Physicochemical analysis and intermediate pyrolysis of Bambara Groundnut Shell (BGS), Sweet Sorghum Stalk (SSS), and Shea Nutshell (SNS). Environmental Technology 2024; 45:1870-1883. [PMID: 36476169 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2156817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe current work focused on the intermediate pyrolysis of Bambara Groundnut Shells (BGS-G1), Sweet Sorghum Stalk (SSS), and Shea Nutshells (SNS). These feedstocks are readily available as wastes or by-products from industrial and agricultural activities. The thermo-gravimetric analysis of the biomass samples exhibited decomposition and devolatilization potentials in the temperature range of 110-650°C. The kinetic modelling resulted in the activation energy of BGS G1 being the lowest as 20.43 kJ/mol and SNS as the highest 24.89 kJ/mol among the three biomass samples. Intermediate pyrolysis was conducted in a vertical tube reactor at a temperature of 600°C, with nitrogen flow at 10 ml/min and heating rate ≥ 33.0℃/min. The yield of pyrolysis bio-oil was 38.0 ± 6.4, 44.2 ± 6, and 39.7 ± 5.2 wt.% for BGS-G1, SSS, and SNS, respectively. The HHV of bio-oil varied as 23.7 ± 1.8, 23.8 ± 1.8, to 26.5 ± 2.0 MJ/kg for BGS-G1 SSS and SNS respectively. The biochar recorded the lowest HHV for BGS-G1 as 18.8 ± 1.2 MJ/kg and the highest for SNS as 26.4 ± 1.8 MJ/kg. The FTIR of bio-oil revealed significant functional groups, and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry) analysis categorized the compounds in bio-oils as ketones, furans, phenolics, acids, phenols and benzene derivatives. The physicochemical analysis of the feedstocks and the products (bio-oil and biochar) showed their potential for bioenergy and biochemical (green chemicals) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Danladi Ibrahim
- Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State, Nigeria
| | - Yousif Abdalla Abakr
- Mechanical, Materials & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Suyin Gan
- Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Malaysia
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Ferdousi L, Begum M, Yeasmin MS, Uddin J, Miah MAA, Rana GM, Chowdhury TA, Boby F, Maitra B, Khan R, Emran TB, Siddique MAB. Facile acid fermentation extraction of silkworm pupae oil and evaluation of its physical and chemical properties for utilization as edible oil. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12815. [PMID: 36647348 PMCID: PMC9840356 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the increasing demand for edible oil in recent times, their price in the world market is becoming skyrocketing. In this research, we produced cost-effective edible oil from desilked silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) applying a facile acid fermentation process, for the first time. The extraction was performed using two different types of organic acids, 3% of each acetic and citric acid. The yield of the extracted oil was 3.52 ± 0.23% from fresh silkworm pupae. The produced oil was then characterized physically and chemically to know its suitability to be used as edible oil. The oil was found with a low peroxide and acid value of 4.82 meq/kg and 1.35 mg KOH/g oil, respectively, and comprised of different fatty acids, in which palmitic acid (32.04%) and oleic acid (34.62%) were in large portions among the total fatty acids. Additionally, the extracted oil included linoleic, α-linolenic, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid which have health benefits. The oil was rich with minerals such as Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, and Phosphorus with a negligible concentration of toxic elements such as Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Arsenic, and Silver, indicating a good nutritive value of the extracted oil. Overall, the outcomes of all the characterizations showed that the extracted oil could be used as good edible oil and the corresponding acid fermentation extraction process has the potential to be used as an effective oil extraction method for silkworm pupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lailatul Ferdousi
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Mohajira Begum
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Mst. Sarmina Yeasmin
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Jasim Uddin
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Al-Amin Miah
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - G.M. Masud Rana
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Akter Chowdhury
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Boby
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Bijoy Maitra
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Rahat Khan
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Bakar Siddique
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh,Corresponding author.
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Xu YH, Li MF. Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulose for value-added products: Mechanism, parameter and production application. Bioresour Technol 2021; 342:126035. [PMID: 34592454 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Abundant, environmentally friendly, and sustainable lignocellulose is a promising feedstock for replacing fossil fuels, and hydrothermal liquefaction is an effective technology to convert it into liquid fuels and high-value chemicals. This review summarizes and discusses the reaction mechanism, main influence factor and the production application of hydrothermal liquefaction. Particular attention has been paid to the reaction mechanism of the structural components of lignocellulose, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In addition, the influence factors including types of lignocellulose, temperature, heating rate, retention time, pressure, solid-to-liquid ratio, and catalyst are discussed in detail. The limitations in the hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulose and the prospects are proposed. This provides deep knowledge for understanding the process as well as the development of advanced products from lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming-Fei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Cao L, Zhang C, Chen H, Tsang DCW, Luo G, Zhang S, Chen J. Hydrothermal liquefaction of agricultural and forestry wastes: state-of-the-art review and future prospects. Bioresour Technol 2017; 245:1184-1193. [PMID: 28893498 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction has been widely applied to obtain bioenergy and high-value chemicals from biomass in the presence of a solvent at moderate to high temperature (200-550°C) and pressure (5-25MPa). This article summarizes and discusses the conversion of agricultural and forestry wastes by hydrothermal liquefaction. The history and development of hydrothermal liquefaction technology for lignocellulosic biomass are briefly introduced. The research status in hydrothermal liquefaction of agricultural and forestry wastes is critically reviewed, particularly for the effects of liquefaction conditions on bio-oil yield and the decomposition mechanisms of main components in biomass. The limitations of hydrothermal liquefaction of agricultural and forestry wastes are discussed, and future research priorities are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leichang Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Zhang Y, Chen P, Liu S, Peng P, Min M, Cheng Y, Anderson E, Zhou N, Fan L, Liu C, Chen G, Liu Y, Lei H, Li B, Ruan R. Effects of feedstock characteristics on microwave-assisted pyrolysis - A review. Bioresour Technol 2017; 230:143-151. [PMID: 28161187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted pyrolysis is an important approach to obtain bio-oil from biomass. Similar to conventional electrical heating pyrolysis, microwave-assisted pyrolysis is significantly affected by feedstock characteristics. However, microwave heating has its unique features which strongly depend on the physical and chemical properties of biomass feedstock. In this review, the relationships among heating, bio-oil yield, and feedstock particle size, moisture content, inorganics, and organics in microwave-assisted pyrolysis are discussed and compared with those in conventional electrical heating pyrolysis. The quantitative analysis of data reported in the literature showed a strong contrast between the conventional processes and microwave based processes. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a relatively new process with limited research compared with conventional electrical heating pyrolysis. The lack of understanding of some observed results warrant more and in-depth fundamental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China; Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Paul Chen
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Peng Peng
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Min Min
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yanling Cheng
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Erik Anderson
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Nan Zhou
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Liangliang Fan
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Chenghui Liu
- Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Hanwu Lei
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Bingxi Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330047, China.
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Borges WDS, Araújo BSA, Moura LG, Coutinho Filho U, de Resende MM, Cardoso VL. Bio-oil production and removal of organic load by microalga Scenedesmus sp. using culture medium contaminated with different sugars, cheese whey and whey permeate. J Environ Manage 2016; 173:134-140. [PMID: 26948140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the bio-oil production and the organic load removal using the microalga Scenedesmus sp. The cultivation was carried out in reactors with a total volume of 3 L and 0.7 vvm aeration, with illumination in photoperiods of 12 h light/12 h dark for 12 days. The following sugar concentrations were tested: 2.5, 5.0 and 10 g/L of glucose, lactose, fructose and galactose with 10% inoculum volume. After experiments were performed with cheese whey in natura and cheese whey permeate with different lactose concentrations (1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 5.0 g/L). In these experiments the inoculum concentrations were 10, 15, 20 and 30% (v/v). The results showed that this microalga was effective for the production of lipids when it was cultivated in medium with cheese whey in natura with 2.5 g/L of lactose and 20% inoculum (v/v). Using cheese whey in natura at the concentration of 3.5 g/L of lactose and 30% (v/v) of inoculum obtained 77.9% of TOC removal and 38.447 mg of TOC removed/mg oil produced. It was also observed that when there is increased production of bio-oil, there is less removal of organic matter. The addition of glucose, fructose or galactose in the medium did not enhance the production of bio-oil by Scenedesmus sp. when compared to lactose, but increased the organic matter removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley da Silva Borges
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, P.O. Box 593, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Bloco K, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Breno Severiano Alves Araújo
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, P.O. Box 593, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Bloco K, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gomes Moura
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, P.O. Box 593, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Bloco K, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ubirajara Coutinho Filho
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, P.O. Box 593, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Bloco K, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miriam Maria de Resende
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, P.O. Box 593, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Bloco K, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vicelma Luiz Cardoso
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, P.O. Box 593, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Bloco K, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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