1
|
Kovačič A, Gulin MR, Nannou C, Koronaiou LA, Kosjek T, Heath D, Maier MS, Lambropoulou D, Heath E. Aerobic degradation of tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF) with activated sludge: Kinetics and biotransformation products. Environ Res 2023; 227:115790. [PMID: 37003551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the bio-degradation kinetics of tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF), a non-estrogenic alternative to bisphenol A (BPA). Batch biotransformation experiments were performed whereby samples were inoculated with activated sludge and analysed using liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap-MS) utilising two non-targeted workflows (commercial and freely available online) for biotransformation products (BTP) identification. The degradation of TMBPF followed single first-order reaction kinetics and depended on the initial concentration (ci) with faster degradation -kt = 0.16, (half-life = 4.4 days) at lower concentrations ci = 0.1 mg L-1, compared with -kt = 0.02 (half-live = 36.4 days) at ci = 10.0 mg L-1. After 18 days, only 8% of the original TMBPF remained at the lowest tested concentration (0.1 mg L-1). Twelve BTPs were identified, three of which were workflow and one condition-specific. The highest relative quantities of BTPs were observed in nutrient-mineral and mineral media after ten days, while after 14 days, 36 and 31% of TMBPF (ci = 1 mg L-1) remained in the nutrient-mineral and mineral media, respectively. Also, the kinetics of TMBPF and its BTPs were the same with and without an additional carbon source. A newly proposed biodegradation pathway for TMBPF involves cleavage of the methylene bridge, hydroxylation with further oxidation, sulphation, nitrification, nitro reduction with further oxidation, acetylation, and glycine conjugation, providing a deeper insight into the fate of TMBPF during biological wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kovačič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Christina Nannou
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, Kavala, Greece
| | - Lelouda-Athanasia Koronaiou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTh), Thessaloniki, GR-57001, Greece
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mark S Maier
- Sheperian Toxicology, LLC, BioRisk Sciences Team, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, USA
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTh), Thessaloniki, GR-57001, Greece
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eckardt M, Simat TJ. Bisphenol A and alternatives in thermal paper receipts - a German market analysis from 2015 to 2017. Chemosphere 2017; 186:1016-1025. [PMID: 28838039 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) was commonly used as color developer for thermal paper such as cash register receipts, labels or tickets. Therefore, thermal paper was considered by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as the main source of human exposure to BPA beside epoxy based food contact materials. In this study, a German market analysis on the use of BPA and alternative color developers in thermal paper receipts is provided for the years 2015, 2016 and 2017.114 (2015), 98 (2016) and 99 (2017) samples were randomly collected and analyzed by HPLC-DAD. In summary, BPA was still the most frequently found color developer (48.2% in 2015, 46.9% in 2016 and 52.5% in 2017). The most commonly used alternative was the phenol-free substance Pergafast® 201 (34.2%, 33.7%, 40.4%). The bisphenol analogs bisphenol S (BPS; 11.4%, 9.2%, 6.1%) and D8 (6.1%, 7.1%, 1.0%) were less common. Another phenol-free substituent, a urea urethane compound (UU), was also detected (3.1% in 2016). Concentrations of color developers in thermal paper ranged from 1.4 to 32.4 mg/g (median values between 2.5 and 15.9 mg/g). Concentrations of BPA were found to be highest followed by BPS, UU, Pergafast® 201 and D8. In addition, two pharmacologically active substances, dapsone (6.0 mg/g) and tolbutamide (5.5 mg/g), were detected in a non-marketed thermal paper, that was supposed to use ascorbic acid as initial color developer. Different release experiments of the detected color developers were performed. Sensitizers 1,2-diphenoxy-ethane, 1-phenylmethoxy-naphthalene and diphenylsulfone, used frequently in the thermal paper processes, were quantified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eckardt
- Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Food Science and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Bergstraße 66, D-01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Food Science and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Bergstraße 66, D-01062, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|