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Stopa EG, Tanis KQ, Miller MC, Nikonova EV, Podtelezhnikov AA, Finney EM, Stone DJ, Camargo LM, Parker L, Verma A, Baird A, Donahue JE, Torabi T, Eliceiri BP, Silverberg GD, Johanson CE. Comparative transcriptomics of choroid plexus in Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia and Huntington's disease: implications for CSF homeostasis. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:18. [PMID: 29848382 PMCID: PMC5977762 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Alzheimer's disease, there are striking changes in CSF composition that relate to altered choroid plexus (CP) function. Studying CP tissue gene expression at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier could provide further insight into the epithelial and stromal responses to neurodegenerative disease states. METHODS Transcriptome-wide Affymetrix microarrays were used to determine disease-related changes in gene expression in human CP. RNA from post-mortem samples of the entire lateral ventricular choroid plexus was extracted from 6 healthy controls (Ctrl), 7 patients with advanced (Braak and Braak stage III-VI) Alzheimer's disease (AD), 4 with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and 3 with Huntington's disease (HuD). Statistics and agglomerative clustering were accomplished with MathWorks, MatLab; and gene set annotations by comparing input sets to GeneGo ( http://www.genego.com ) and Ingenuity ( http://www.ingenuity.com ) pathway sets. Bonferroni-corrected hypergeometric p-values of < 0.1 were considered a significant overlap between sets. RESULTS Pronounced differences in gene expression occurred in CP of advanced AD patients vs. Ctrls. Metabolic and immune-related pathways including acute phase response, cytokine, cell adhesion, interferons, and JAK-STAT as well as mTOR were significantly enriched among the genes upregulated. Methionine degradation, claudin-5 and protein translation genes were downregulated. Many gene expression changes in AD patients were observed in FTD and HuD (e.g., claudin-5, tight junction downregulation), but there were significant differences between the disease groups. In AD and HuD (but not FTD), several neuroimmune-modulating interferons were significantly enriched (e.g., in AD: IFI-TM1, IFN-AR1, IFN-AR2, and IFN-GR2). AD-associated expression changes, but not those in HuD and FTD, were enriched for upregulation of VEGF signaling and immune response proteins, e.g., interleukins. HuD and FTD patients distinctively displayed upregulated cadherin-mediated adhesion. CONCLUSIONS Our transcript data for human CP tissue provides genomic and mechanistic insight for differential expression in AD vs. FTD vs. HuD for stromal as well as epithelial components. These choroidal transcriptome characterizations elucidate immune activation, tissue functional resiliency, and CSF metabolic homeostasis. The BCSFB undergoes harmful, but also important functional and adaptive changes in neurodegenerative diseases; accordingly, the enriched JAK-STAT and mTOR pathways, respectively, likely help the CP in adaptive transcription and epithelial repair and/or replacement when harmed by neurodegeneration pathophysiology. We anticipate that these precise CP translational data will facilitate pharmacologic/transgenic therapies to alleviate dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Stopa
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pathology (Neuropathology Division), Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Keith Q. Tanis
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA USA
| | - Miles C. Miller
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pathology (Neuropathology Division), Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Elena V. Nikonova
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA USA
| | | | - Eva M. Finney
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA USA
| | - David J. Stone
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA USA
| | - Luiz M. Camargo
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA USA
| | - Lisan Parker
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA USA
| | | | - Andrew Baird
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Medical Center, Hillcrest, 212 Dickinson Street, San Diego, CA USA
| | - John E. Donahue
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pathology (Neuropathology Division), Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Tara Torabi
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pathology (Neuropathology Division), Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Brian P. Eliceiri
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Medical Center, Hillcrest, 212 Dickinson Street, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Gerald D. Silverberg
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pathology (Neuropathology Division), Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Conrad E. Johanson
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pathology (Neuropathology Division), Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
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