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Vučinić J, Vučković L, Raonić J. Correlation between stromal Th and Tc lymphocytes and PD-L1 expression in early breast cancer tumors. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2023; 61:193-204. [PMID: 38073318 DOI: 10.5603/fhc.97855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prognostic and predictive value of PD-L1 as a biomarker in breast cancer remains controversial. While some studies suggest its association with negative prognostic parameters, others reported a highly significant association between PD-L1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, which are known to be an independent favorable prognostic factor. The aim of present study is to examine the relationship between immune response markers and PD-L1 expression in early breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1, along with density and composition of stromal lymphocytic infiltrate and peritumoral lymphoid aggregates was analyzed in 95 samples of invasive breast cancer. RESULTS A strong positive correlation between PD-L1 expression and the density of stromal lymphocytic infiltrate and peritumoral lymphoid aggregates was identified and a cut-off value of 53% coverage of tumor stroma by lymphocytes, with which PD-L1 positivity can be predicted with excellent diagnostic accuracy, was determined for the first time using statistical methods. Additionally, PD-L1 positivity was observed significantly more often in tumors with higher absolute number of both CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes in the stromal infiltrate. No significant correlation with molecular subtype of breast cancer was found. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the density of stromal lymphocytic infiltrate might be a better predictor of PD-L1 positivity in early breast cancer than the molecular subtype and that the key to the optimization of PD-L1 as a biomarker in breast cancer lies in its interpretation in the context of other immune response markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vučinić
- Center for Pathology, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - Ljiljana Vučković
- Center for Pathology, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Janja Raonić
- Center for Pathology, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
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Buska-Mach K, Kedzierska AE, Lepczynski A, Herosimczyk A, Ozgo M, Karpinski P, Gomulkiewicz A, Lorek D, Slawek A, Dziegiel P, Chelmonska-Soyta A. Differential Signals From TNFα-Treated and Untreated Embryos in Uterine Tissues and Splenic CD4 + T Lymphocytes During Preimplantation Pregnancy in Mice. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:641553. [PMID: 33763465 PMCID: PMC7982469 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.641553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to examine if a female mouse body in preimplantation pregnancy can distinguish between embryos of normal and impaired biological quality in the local and peripheral compartments. Normal (control group) and TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-α)-treated embryos (experimental group) at the morula stage were non-surgically transferred into the uteri of CD-1 strain [Crl:CD1(Icr)] female murine recipients. Twenty-four hours after the embryo transfer, females were euthanised, and uteri and spleens were dissected. In uterine tissues (local compartment), we assessed the expression of 84 genes comprising nine signal transduction pathways, using a modified RT2 Profiler PCR Array. In the spleen (peripheral compartment), we determined the proteome of splenic CD4+ lymphocytes using 2D protein electrophoresis with subsequent protein identification by mass spectrometry. Sample clustering and differential gene expression analyses within individual signal transduction pathways revealed differential expression of genes in the uteri of females after transplantation of normal vs. TNFα-treated embryos. The most affected signal transduction cascade was the NFKB (Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B) pathway, where 87.5% of the examined genes were significantly differentially expressed. Proteomic analysis of splenic CD4+ T lymphocytes revealed significant differential expression of 8 out of 132 protein spots. Identified proteins were classified as proteins influenced by cell stress, proteins engaged in the regulation of cytoskeleton stabilization and cell motility, and proteins having immunomodulatory function. These results support the hypothesis that even before embryo implantation, the body of pregnant female mice can sense the biological quality of an embryo both at the local and peripheral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Buska-Mach
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Ewa Kedzierska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Lepczynski
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Herosimczyk
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ozgo
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Pawel Karpinski
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gomulkiewicz
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Daria Lorek
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Slawek
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Chelmonska-Soyta
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Satyakiran GVV, Bavle RM, Alexander G, Rao S, Venugopal R, Hosthor SS. A relationship between CD4 count and oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in urban population. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016; 20:419-426. [PMID: 27721607 PMCID: PMC5051290 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.190934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection gradually destroys the body's immune system, which makes it harder for the body to fight infections. HIV infection causes a quantitative and qualitative depletion of CD4 lymphocyte count, which increases the risk of opportunistic infections. Thus, CD4 count is one of the key factors in determining both the urgency of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation and the need of prophylaxis for opportunistic infections. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and variations in the oral manifestations of HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients on HAART therapy in urban population and their association with CD4 count. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted by screening eighty patients who were HIV positive in an urban location. Both adult and pediatric patients were screened for oral manifestations and simultaneously CD4 count was also evaluated. Patients with HIV infection for variable time period who are under HAART were considered. Statistical Analysis: Measures of central tendency were used to analyse the data. Results: HIV infection destroys the immune system of an individual, making the patient susceptible to various infections and malignancies. With the advent of antiretroviral therapy, the scenario has changed drastically. We have observed that patients with CD4 counts between 164 and 1286 show relatively few oral manifestations. Long-term HAART therapy causes pigmentation, xerostomia and angular cheilitis but is taken up quite well by the patients. Conclusion: In this study, eighty patients with HAART from urban population showed very minimal oral findings because of good accessibility for treatment and awareness about HIV infections. The patients who were on long-standing HAART treatment also showed minimal oral manifestation such as pigmentation and xerostomia. Hence, we conclude that recognition, significance and treatment of these lesions in patients with HIV infection do not require elaborate setup and can be treated with basic primary health care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radhika Manoj Bavle
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Glory Alexander
- Managing Director, Asha Foundation, Indiranagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Saritha Rao
- Consultant Peadiatrician, Asha Foundation, Indiranagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Reshma Venugopal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sreelatha S Hosthor
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Suska M, Lewicki S, Kiepura A, Winnicka I, Leszczyński P, Bielawska-Drózd A, Cieślik P, Kubiak L, Depczyńska D, Brewczyńska A, Skopińska-Różewska E, Kocik J. Pollution of mycological surfaces in hospital emergency departments correlates positively with blood NKT CD3(+) 16(+) 56(+) and negatively with CD4(+) cell levels of their staff. Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 41:71-7. [PMID: 27095925 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.58818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was the assessment of the putative influence of yeast and filamentous fungi in healthcare and control (office) workplaces (10 of each kind) on immune system competence measured by NK (natural killer), CD4+, and NKT (natural killer T lymphocyte) cell levels in the blood of the personnel employed at these workplaces. Imprints from floors and walls were collected in winter. The blood was taken in spring the following year, from 40 men, 26 to 53 years old, healthcare workers of hospital emergency departments (HED), who had been working for at least five years in their current positions, and from 36 corresponding controls, working in control offices. Evaluation of blood leukocyte subpopulations was done by flow cytometry. The qualitative analysis of the surface samples revealed a prevalence of strains belonging to Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. genus. There was no statistically significant difference between the level of NKT; however, the percentage of NK cells was lower in the blood of HED workers than in the blood of offices personnel. Spearman analysis revealed the existence of positive correlation (r = 0.4677, p = 0.002) between the total CFU/25 cm2 obtained by imprinting method from walls and floors of HED and the percentage of NKT (CD3+16+56+) lymphocytes collected from the blood of their personnel, and negative correlation (r = –0. 3688, p = 0.019) between this parameter of fungal pollution and the percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes in the blood of HED staff. No other correlations were found.
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Anazoeze M, Sunday O, Obike I, Awele C, Kenechi M. Comparison of absolute neutrophil to CD4 lymphocyte values as a marker of immunosuppression in cancer patients on cytotoxic chemotherapy. Afr Health Sci 2015; 15:581-9. [PMID: 26124806 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is currently used to assess immune status of patients on cytotoxic therapy. The CD4 lymphocytes have also been shown to be of importance in protection against opportunistic infections. In people of African descent a low baseline ANC has been recorded and the currently accepted neutropaenic threshold may not be appropriate. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed at comparing the change in ANC to CD4 lymphocyte count in adult cancer patients following chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty chemotherapy-naive patients with various malignancies had their ANC and CD4 lymphocyte counts done at days 0 and 12 of the first cycle of various chemotherapeutic regimens. The paired sample t-test was done to assess the significance between these values. Socio-demographic data was obtained using questionnaires. RESULTS ANC and CD4 pre-chemotherapy differed significantly from their post-chemotherapy values (p=0.001) for both parameters). The CD4 count showed significant reduction in patients with Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (p=0.043), colorectal carcinoma (p=0.037) and other malignancies (p=0.030), while the ANC did not. Patients who had received COPP for Hodgkin's lymphoma also had significant CD4 depletion (p=0.037). CONCLUSION The CD4 lymphocyte count may be a more suitable parameter than ANC, for monitoring immuno-depletion in cancer patients on cytotoxic chemotherapy. Further studies are required to validate these findings, especially in the Negroid population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madu Anazoeze
- University of Nigeria, Haematology & Immunology ; University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Haenatology & Immunology
| | | | | | - Chukwura Awele
- University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Haematology
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Scherzer R, Bacchetti P, Messerlian G, Goderre J, Maki PM, Seifer DB, Anastos K, Karim R, Greenblatt RM. Impact of CD4+ lymphocytes and HIV infection on Anti-Müllerian Hormone levels in a large cohort of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 73:273-84. [PMID: 25339186 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Effects of HIV infection on ovarian function and aging are unclear. METHOD OF STUDY Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) levels were analyzed in 2621 HIV-infected and 941 uninfected participants using left-censored longitudinal models. RESULTS Age-adjusted AMH levels were 16% lower in women with undetectable viraemia and 26% lower in detectable viraemia, relative to uninfected women. Current CD4 count associated with higher AMH in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women. After controlling for current and nadir CD4, AMH was ~15% higher in HIV-infected relative to uninfected women, regardless of HIV viraemia. Gravidity, amenorrhea, and nadir total lymphocyte counts associated with higher AMH; hormonal contraceptive use and past weight loss associated with lower AMH. CONCLUSIONS CD4 + lymphocyte counts were associated with AMH in both HIV-infected and uninfected women. After adjustment for CD4 counts and age, HIV infection was associated with higher AMH. CD4 T cells and cellular activation may influence ovarian granulosa cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Scherzer
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of acute and chronic liver inflammation worldwide. The immune response against the virus represents a key factor in determining infection outcome, in terms of both viral clearance and the perpetuation of liver damage. Significant advances have recently been achieved regarding the functions of antiviral CD8+ T cells, leading to a better understanding of their abnormalities during chronic infection as well as the pathways to be manipulated to reverse the immune impairment of chronic infection. In this review, we aimed to analyse the patterns of adaptive immunity that develop during acute infection and the profiles in chronic infection. In addition to CD8+ T cells, which are the best-described subset to date, we reviewed and commented on the direct and indirect roles of CD4+ T cells and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Loggi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Wilde JT, McKernan A, Hay CR. Didanosine treatment of haemophilic patients infected with HIV. Haemophilia 1995; 1:122-125. [PMID: 27214321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.1995.tb00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-six haemophilic patients with advanced HIV infection who had developed resistance or intolerance to zidovudine were treated with didanosine (ddI). 11 patients continue to take ddI at a median time of 14 months from commencement (range 7-18 months). Five of these patients showed an increase in CD4 lymphocyte count, reaching a maximum at a median time of 4 months. Four patients with HIV-related symptoms improved clinically. In general, the CD4 count and clinical improvements were not sustained. 11 patients discontinued ddI after a median of 3 months (range 3 days to 10 months), most commonly due to gastrointestinal side-effects. No case of pancreatitis or peripheral neuropathy was seen. Six patients, all with very advanced HIV disease, died. HIV-infected haemophilic patients who become resistant or intolerant to zidovudine may derive benefit from ddI, although this is usually transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Wilde
- Departments of Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, and Royal Liverpool University Hospital Trust, Liverpool
| | - A McKernan
- Departments of Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, and Royal Liverpool University Hospital Trust, Liverpool
| | - C R Hay
- Departments of Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, and Royal Liverpool University Hospital Trust, Liverpool
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