Abstract
Introduction
Primary cultured hepatocytes are an important model for early safety evaluations of newly developed drugs. Many factors, however, hinder the wider applications of this technology, especially the difficulty to maintain these cells in long-term culture. To date, creating a stable supply of human or animal hepatocytes with proper hepatic function in vitro has not been achieved. Furthermore, frequently harvesting hepatocytes from living donors for use in culture is highly invasive and simply not feasible. We have previously reported that canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cBMSCs) can be effectively converted into induced hepatocyte-like cells (iHep cells); however, these cells had reduced function in comparison to mature hepatocytes. In recent studies, spheroid formation-based three-dimensional (3D) culture has been noted to greatly increase hepatocyte function; nevertheless, no reports have described the use of this technology for culturing canine hepatocytes. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to establish a 3D spheroid culture using converted canine iHep cells to investigate their function as hepatocytes.
Methods
The iHep cells were prepared by introducing two genes, namely, the Forkhead box A1 (Foxa1) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 homeobox alpha (Hnf4α), into cBMSCs seeded onto an ultra-low attachment microplate to induce spheroid formation. Thereafter, the hepatic functions of these spheroids were evaluated using immunocytochemistry, as well as qualitative and quantitative PCR.
Results
Notably, albumin was observed in the iHep spheroids and the expression of hepatic genes, such as albumin and drug metabolism CYP genes, could also be detected. Another interesting finding was evident upon further comparing the quantified albumin gene and CYP2E1 gene expressions in the two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture systems; notably, a 100- to 200-fold increase in gene expression levels was observed in the three-dimensional spheroids when compared to those in conventional monolayers.
Conclusions
Upon incorporating three-dimensional technology, we managed to achieve iHep spheroids that are closer in gene expression to living liver tissue compared to conventional monolayer cultures. Thus, we are one step closer to creating a sustainable in vitro hepatocyte model. Furthermore, we believe that this system is capable of maintaining the stable drug metabolizing capacity of canine hepatocytes in vitro, which might be useful in improving current drug assessment studies.
Collapse