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Raposo M, Soreto S, Moreirinha C, Gomes MTSR, Costa ST, Botelho MJ, Melo BMG, Costa LC, Rudnitskaya A. Carbamoylase-based impedimetric electronic tongue for rapid detection of paralytic shellfish toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1983-1995. [PMID: 38358533 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Phytotoxins produced by marine microalgae, such as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), can accumulate in bivalve molluscs, representing a human health concern due to the life-threatening symptoms they cause. To avoid the commercialization of contaminated bivalves, monitoring programs were established in the EU. The purpose of this work is the implementation of a PST transforming enzyme-carbamoylase-in an impedimetric test for rapid simultaneous detection of several carbamate and N-sulfocarbamoyl PSTs. Carbamoylase hydrolyses carbamate and sulfocarbamoyl toxins, which may account for up to 90% of bivalve toxicity related to PSTs. Conformational changes of carbamoylase accompanying enzymatic reactions were probed by Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Furthermore, a combination of EIS with a metal electrode and a carbamoylase-based assay was employed to harness changes in the enzyme conformation and adsorption on the electrode surface during the enzymatic reaction as an analytical signal. After optimization of the working conditions, the developed impedimetric e-tongue could quantify N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins with a detection limit of 0.1 µM. The developed e-tongue allows the detection of these toxins at concentration levels observed in bivalves with PST toxicity close to the regulatory limit. The quantification of a sum of N-sulfocarbamoyl PSTs in naturally contaminated mussel extracts using the developed impedimetric e-tongue has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Raposo
- CESAM and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Silvia Soreto
- I3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Catarina Moreirinha
- CESAM and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Sara T Costa
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Bruno M G Melo
- I3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís Cadillon Costa
- I3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alisa Rudnitskaya
- CESAM and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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