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Frank F, Böttger S, Mexis N, Anagnostopoulos NA, Mohamed A, Hartmann M, Kuhn H, Helke C, Arul T, Katzenbeisser S, Hermann S. CNT-PUFs: Highly Robust and Heat-Tolerant Carbon-Nanotube-Based Physical Unclonable Functions. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2930. [PMID: 37999284 PMCID: PMC10674552 DOI: 10.3390/nano13222930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we explored a highly robust and unique Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) based on the stochastic assembly of single-walled Carbon NanoTubes (CNTs) integrated within a wafer-level technology. Our work demonstrated that the proposed CNT-based PUFs are exceptionally robust with an average fractional intra-device Hamming distance well below 0.01 both at room temperature and under varying temperatures in the range from 23 ∘C to 120 ∘C. We attributed the excellent heat tolerance to comparatively low activation energies of less than 40 meV extracted from an Arrhenius plot. As the number of unstable bits in the examined implementation is extremely low, our devices allow for a lightweight and simple error correction, just by selecting stable cells, thereby diminishing the need for complex error correction. Through a significant number of tests, we demonstrated the capability of novel nanomaterial devices to serve as highly efficient hardware security primitives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Frank
- Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Passau, Innstraße 43, 94032 Passau, Germany; (F.F.); (N.M.); (N.A.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Simon Böttger
- Center for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (C.H.)
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Nico Mexis
- Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Passau, Innstraße 43, 94032 Passau, Germany; (F.F.); (N.M.); (N.A.A.); (T.A.)
| | | | - Ali Mohamed
- Center for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Center for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (C.H.)
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Harald Kuhn
- Center for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (C.H.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), Technologie-Campus 3, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christian Helke
- Center for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (C.H.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), Technologie-Campus 3, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Tolga Arul
- Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Passau, Innstraße 43, 94032 Passau, Germany; (F.F.); (N.M.); (N.A.A.); (T.A.)
- Computer Science Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 10, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Katzenbeisser
- Center for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Sascha Hermann
- Center for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (C.H.)
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), 01062 Dresden, Germany
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