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de Freitas JF, Ribeiro de Queiroz MEL, de Oliveira AF, de Paulo Ribeiro L, Salvador DV, Miranda LDL, Alves RR, Rodrigues AAZ. Evaluation of imazalil dissipation/migration in postharvest papaya using low-temperature partition extraction and GC-MS analysis. Food Chem 2023; 418:135969. [PMID: 36963133 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Methods involving solid-liquid extraction with low-temperature partition and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were validated to investigate the dissipation/migration of residues of the postharvest fungicide imazalil in papaya skin, pulp, and seeds. The fruits were stored for 23 days (14 °C). Every two days, fruits from the control group and those treated with imazalil had their skin, outer pulp, inner pulp, and seeds separated and then analyzed by GC-MS. After the 23rd day, about 70% of the imazalil had dissipated. Most of the remaining residue was found in the skin; however, the small amount migrating into the pulp was above the maximum residue levels allowed by the regulatory agencies. Imazalil residue was also detected in seeds at concentrations lower than the LOQ (0.025 mg kg-1). Mass loss was the only quality parameter that showed a significant difference between the fruits of the control and study groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Davi Vittorazzi Salvador
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570900, Brazil
| | | | - Robson Ribeiro Alves
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570900, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Aparecida Zinato Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570900, Brazil; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570900, Brazil
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Martinez J, Ramírez C, Gil J, Quiñones W, Durango D. Antifungal activity against anthracnose-causing species of homopterocarpin derivatives. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13082. [PMID: 36798775 PMCID: PMC9925875 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of 3,9-dimethoxypterocarpan (1, homopterocarpin) were prepared by nitration, amination, and oxidation reactions, among others, and their antifungal activity was evaluated against the phytopathogenic fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. lindemuthianum. Derivatives were purified by chromatographic techniques and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Eight derivatives were obtained from 1 corresponding to 3,9-dimethoxy-8-nitropterocarpan (2), 3,9-dimethoxy-2,8-dinitropterocarpan (3), 3,9-dimethoxy-2,8,10-trinitropterocarpan (4), 2,8-diamino-3,9-dimethoxypterocarpan (5), 3,9-dimethylcoumestan (6), medicarpin (7), 2'-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavan (8), and 4-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-7,2',4'-trimethoxyisoflavan (9). The in vitro antifungal activity of the derivatives was determined at concentrations between 35 and 704 μM. Compounds 7 and 8 at 704 μM, showed an inhibition of radial growth and spore germination close to 100%, exceeding that found for the starting compound 1, which was 46%. Growth inhibition assays were also performed for the derivative 8 on papaya fruits (Carica papaya L. cv. Hawaiana) and mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Hilacha) infected with C. gloeosporioides. Compound 8 showed fungal growth inhibition in fruits higher than that found for 1 and thymol (a recognized natural antifungal), under the same conditions. In general, derivatives that exhibited greater antifungal activity correspond to the compounds containing hydroxyl groups in the structure. Some of the compounds obtained could be considered promising for the control of phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janio Martinez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Química, Carrera 65, 59a-110, Medellín, Colombia,Corresponding author.
| | - Cesar Ramírez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Química, Carrera 65, 59a-110, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jesús Gil
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Alimentos, Carrera 65, 59a-110, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Winston Quiñones
- Grupo de Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70, Medellín P.O. Box 1226, Colombia
| | - Diego Durango
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Química, Carrera 65, 59a-110, Medellín, Colombia,Corresponding author.
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Jayasinghe CD, Ratnasooriya WD, Premakumara S, Udagama PV. Platelet augmentation activity of mature leaf juice of Sri Lankan wild type cultivar of Carica papaya L: Insights into potential cellular mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 296:115511. [PMID: 35781007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Carica papaya L., a common fruit crop of the family Caricaceae and its leaf juice/extract is a traditionally commended preparation against dengue and other thrombocytopenic diseases by many Asian countries. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study posits the potential cellular mechanisms of platelet augmentation activity of mature leaf juice of Sri Lankan wild-type Carica papaya. MATERIALS AND METHODS C. papaya leaf juice prepared from different cultivar types, maturity of the leaf, agro-climatic region, and preparation methods were orally administered to hydroxyurea-induced thrombocytopenic rats at 0.72 ml/100 g BW dosage to investigate the most potent platelet increasing preparation. The papaya juice doses; low dose (LD-0.18 ml/100 g BW), human equivalent dose (HED-0.36 ml/100 g BW), and high dose (HD-0.72 ml/100 g BW), were administered to thrombocytopenic rats (N = 6/group) daily for three consecutive days and post-treatment plasma levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), thrombopoietin (TPO), and platelet-activating factor (PAF) were quantified using specific rat ELISA kits. The mature leaf juice of C. papaya induced IL-6 secretion from bone marrow cell (BMC) cultures was quantified using ELISA. The ability of papaya juice to protect the platelet membrane, from the damage caused by the lytic agent was analyzed in vitro using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The effect of the mature leaf juice of C. papaya on secondary hemostasis was investigated using blood coagulation and clot hydrolyzing activity. RESULTS The comparative analysis revealed that the platelet increasing activity of C. papaya leaf did not significantly differ among different types of cultivar, maturity of the leaf, agro-climatic regions and preparation methods (p > 0.05). Both TPO and PAF levels in thrombocytopenic rats diminished when treated with all three doses of the mature leaf juice of C. papaya (p < 0.05), yet IL-6 plasma level was unaltered (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, ex vivo treatment of the mature leaf juice of C. papaya had significantly enhanced IL-6 levels of rat BMC cultures (p < 0.05). Pre-treatment of platelets with the mature leaf juice of C. papaya at different concentrations significantly inhibited LDH leakage from platelets and may have reduced the membrane damage caused by the lytic agent (p < 0.05). Treatment of mature leaf juice of C. papaya also significantly reduced blood clotting time through the extrinsic pathway of the blood coagulation cascade (p < 0.05). Further, prolonged incubation of the plasma clot with different concentrations of the papaya leaf juice revealed dose-dependent hydrolysis of the blood clot, indicating fibrinolysis activity. CONCLUSIONS The current study exceeded the traditional medicinal claims, and scientifically affirmed the platelet augmentation activity of mature leaf juice of C. papaya. The mechanistic rationale tested herein explicated that the platelet augmentation activity of the papaya leaf juice can be partially attributed to the stimulation of bone marrow megakaryocytes via modulating thrombopoietic cytokines TPO and IL-6, and by inhibiting the secretion of PAF, while reducing the peripheral platelet destruction by stabilizing the platelet membrane. Further, mature leaf juice of C. papaya imparted both pro-coagulation and fibrinolysis activity of secondary hemostasis endorsing its potential against thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanika D Jayasinghe
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka
| | - Wanigasekera D Ratnasooriya
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka
| | - Sirimal Premakumara
- Industrial Technology Institute, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka; Department of Basic Science and Social Science, Faculty of Nursing, University of Colombo, Sri Jayewardenepura, Thalapathpitiya, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Preethi V Udagama
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka.
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Hiraga Y, Ara T, Sato N, Akimoto N, Sugiyama K, Suzuki H, Kera K. Metabolic analysis of unripe papaya ( Carica papaya L.) to promote its utilization as a functional food. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1194-1204. [PMID: 33704369 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. While ripe fruit is a popular food item globally, the unripe fruit is only consumed in some Asian countries. To promote the utilization of unripe papaya based on the compositional changes of biological active metabolites, we performed liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry-based analysis to reveal the comprehensive metabolite profile of the peel and pulp of unripe and ripe papaya fruits. The number of peaks annotated as phenolics and aminocarboxylic acids increased in the pulp and peel of ripe fruit, respectively. Putative carpaine derivatives, known alkaloids with cardiovascular effects, decreased, while carpamic acid derivatives increased in the peel of ripe fruit. Furthermore, the functionality of unripe fruit, the benzyl glucosinolate content, total polyphenol content, and proteolytic activity were detectable after heating and powder processing treatments, suggesting a potential utilization in powdered form as functional material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Hiraga
- Research and Development Department, Hirata Corporation, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ara
- Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan.,Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nao Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nayumi Akimoto
- Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Research and Development Department, Hirata Corporation, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kota Kera
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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Ilham R, Lelo A, Harahap U, Widyawati T, Siahaan L. The Effectivity of Ethanolic Extract from Papaya Leaves ( Carica papaya L.) as an Alternative Larvacide to Aedes spp. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:3395-3399. [PMID: 32002060 PMCID: PMC6980815 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease found in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including Indonesia. One of the problems of vector control programs is insecticides resistance to Aedes spp. AIM: The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of an alternative larvacide using papaya leaves (Carica papaya L). METHODS: To obtain an ethanolic extract of C. papaya leaf (EECP), the dried of C. papaya leaf was macerated with ethanol 70%. Phytochemical compounds were screened qualitatively. Twenty-five larvae were entered into each cup that had been mixed with five concentrations of EECP i.e., EECPI (100-), EECPII (150-), EECPIII (200-), EECPIV (250), EECPV (300 ppm), 1% of Temephos (T), and water (A). Alkaloid carpain, saponin, flavonoid, tannin, glycosides and triterpenoid/steroid were traced in EECP. The mortality of larvae at 180, 360, 1440 and 2880 minutes were observed. The lethal concentration (LC50) and lethal time (LT50) were measured. Probit analysis was used to determine the concentration of killing larvae. RESULTS: The mortality of larvae was found at 360 minutes only in EECPV. Then after 1440 minutes, all extracts shown the increasing of larvae mortality. LC50 and LT50 values were 215,96 ppm and 2,369 minutes of each. CONCLUSION: EECP has larvicidal activity to Aedes spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizky Ilham
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara: Jl. Dr Mansur. No. 5 Medan, Indonesia.,Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, Jl. STM. No. 24 Medan, Indonesia
| | - Aznan Lelo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara: Jl. Dr Mansur. No. 5 Medan, Indonesia
| | - Urip Harahap
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Tri Widyawati
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara: Jl. Dr Mansur. No. 5 Medan, Indonesia
| | - Lambok Siahaan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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Kotnala B, N SM, Vasu P. Purification and Characterization of a Salt-Dependent Pectin Methylesterase from Carica papaya Fruit Mesocarp-Exocarp Tissue. J Food Sci 2018; 83:2062-2070. [PMID: 30035386 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase (PME) is a ubiquitous cell wall enzyme, which de-esterifies and modifies pectins for food applications. Functional properties of pectin rely on molecular weight and degree of esterification, and thus de-esterification by PME influences the pectin functionality. The main aim of the study is to purify and biochemically characterize PME from the outer mesocarp-exocarp tissue of unripe Carica papaya L. fruit. The ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography purified enzyme exhibited a specific activity of 2363.1 ± 92.8 units/mg protein, with a fold purification of 10.6, and final recovery of 9.0%. The PME showed a low apparent mass of 27 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimal activity of purified PME was found at pH 7.0, and at 60 °C. The enzyme is fairly stable at 60 °C for 10 min, retaining 60% activity. The optimum activity was found with 0.25 mol/L monovalent salts indicating that this PME is salt-dependent. The Km of PME was 0.22 mg/mL, and the Vmax value was 1289.15 ± 15.9 units/mg. The increase in the calcium sensitivity of the PME-treated pectin indicated a blockwise mode of action. The PME significantly differs from other known plant PMEs in their biochemical properties. Manual inspection and MASCOT searching of generated tryptic peptides confirmed no homology to known papaya PME sequences. The preliminary results indicate that the papaya PME can be potentially utilized to modify pectin functionality at elevated temperature. However, further investigation is required to understand the usefulness of this enzyme for the modification of pectins for various food applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATION In this work, a small, 27 kDa papaya PME was purified by ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography and biochemically characterized. The papaya PME significantly differs from other known plant PMEs in their biochemical properties. The preliminary results like fair thermostability coupled with high temperature optimum indicate that the papaya PME can be potentially utilized to modify pectin functionality at high temperature. Modification of pectin functionality at elevated temperatures is advantageous since it evades the detrimental action of other pectinolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Kotnala
- Dept. of Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Lab., CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst., Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashirekha M N
- Dept. of Fruit and Vegetable Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst., Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasanna Vasu
- Dept. of Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Lab., CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst., Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
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