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Seifert HA, Zhu W, Vandenbark AA, Alkayed NJ, Offner H. Sex differences in the therapeutic effects of anti-PDL2 neutralizing antibody on stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1705-1712. [PMID: 31410774 PMCID: PMC6858940 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation involving migration of immune cells across the damaged blood-brain barrier (BBB), activation of resident innate microglia and production of inflammatory humoral mediators such as cytokines and chemokines play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Cell-cell signaling involved in the process also includes checkpoint interaction between programmed death receptor (PD1) and programmed death ligands, PDL1 and PDL2. Based on our previous studies showing reduced MCAO infarct volumes in PDL2 deficient mice, we evaluated the ability of anti-PDL2 mAb to treat MCAO in male and female C57BL/6 mice. We found that anti-PDL2 neutralizing antibody treatment of MCAO significantly reduced infarct volumes in male mice but had no protective effects in female mice even at a 5-fold increased dose of anti-PDL2 mAb. The protection in male mice was likely mediated by reduced percentages in the spleen of PDL2+CD19+ B cells, PDL1+CD4+ T cells and CD86+CD11b+ macrophages in concert with reduced expression of PDL1 and TNFα and continued expression of CD206, in the injured ipsilateral brain hemisphere. The lack of a therapeutic benefit of anti-PDL2 on stroke-induced infarct volumes in female mice was reflected by no detectable reduction in expressed PDL2 or PDL1 and an increased frequency of Th1 and Th17 pro-inflammatory T cell subsets in the spleen, an effect not seen in PDL2 mAb treated males. This result potentially limits the utility of anti-PDL2 mAb therapy in stroke to males but underscores the importance of meeting the STAIR requirements for development of new stroke therapies for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Seifert
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- The Knight Cardiovacular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Ashley AK, Shrivastav M, Nie J, Amerin C, Troksa K, Glanzer JG, Liu S, Opiyo SO, Dimitrova DD, Le P, Sishc B, Bailey SM, Oakley GG, Nickoloff JA. DNA-PK phosphorylation of RPA32 Ser4/Ser8 regulates replication stress checkpoint activation, fork restart, homologous recombination and mitotic catastrophe. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 21:131-9. [PMID: 24819595 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxins and other factors cause replication stress that activate the DNA damage response (DDR), comprising checkpoint and repair systems. The DDR suppresses cancer by promoting genome stability, and it regulates tumor resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. Three members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family, ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK, are important DDR proteins. A key PIKK target is replication protein A (RPA), which binds single-stranded DNA and functions in DNA replication, DNA repair, and checkpoint signaling. An early response to replication stress is ATR activation, which occurs when RPA accumulates on ssDNA. Activated ATR phosphorylates many targets, including the RPA32 subunit of RPA, leading to Chk1 activation and replication arrest. DNA-PK also phosphorylates RPA32 in response to replication stress, and we demonstrate that cells with DNA-PK defects, or lacking RPA32 Ser4/Ser8 targeted by DNA-PK, confer similar phenotypes, including defective replication checkpoint arrest, hyper-recombination, premature replication fork restart, failure to block late origin firing, and increased mitotic catastrophe. We present evidence that hyper-recombination in these mutants is ATM-dependent, but the other defects are ATM-independent. These results indicate that DNA-PK and ATR signaling through RPA32 plays a critical role in promoting genome stability and cell survival in response to replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Ashley
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Meena Shrivastav
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jingyi Nie
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Courtney Amerin
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kyle Troksa
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jason G Glanzer
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shengqin Liu
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Stephen O Opiyo
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Diana D Dimitrova
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Phuong Le
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Brock Sishc
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Susan M Bailey
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Greg G Oakley
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
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