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Modesto M, Satti M, Watanabe K, Huang CH, Liou JS, Tamura T, Saito S, Mori K, Huang L, Sandri C, Spiezio C, Sgorbati B, Scarafile D, Cammà C, Ancora M, Patavino C, Arita M, Mattarelli P. Bifidobacteria in two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus): phylogenetic characterization of the novel taxon Bifidobacterium choloepi sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 70:6115-6125. [PMID: 33052806 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven bifidobacterial strains were isolated from the faeces of two adult males of the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) housed in Parco Natura Viva, in Italy. Comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and of five housekeeping (hsp60, rpoB, clpC, dnaJ, dnaG) genes revealed that these strains were classified into two clusters. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the type strain of Bifidobacterium catenulatum subsp. kashiwanohense DSM 21854T (95.4 %) was the closest neighbour to strain in Cluster I (BRDM 6T), whereas the type strain of Bifidobacterium dentium DSM 20436T (values were in the range of 98‒99.8 %) was the closest neighbour to the other six strains in Cluster II. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of BRDM 6T and of strains in Cluster II with the closely related type strains were 76.0 and 98.9 % (mean value) respectively. Therefore, genotyping based on the genome sequence of the strain BRDM 6T combined with phenotypic analyses clearly revealed that the strain BRDM 6T represents a novel species for which the names Bifidobacterium choloepi sp. nov. (BRDM 6T=NBRC 114053T=BCRC 81222T) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Modesto
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Satti
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI University (National Institute of Genetics), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Koichi Watanabe
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Hsun Huang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jong-Shian Liou
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Biological Resource Center (NBRC), National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE), 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Satomi Saito
- Biological Resource Center (NBRC), National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE), 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Koji Mori
- Biological Resource Center (NBRC), National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE), 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Lina Huang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Camillo Sandri
- Department of Animal Health Care and Management, Parco Natura Viva - Garda Zoological Park, Bussolengo, Verona, Italy
| | - Caterina Spiezio
- Department of Animal Health Care and Management, Parco Natura Viva - Garda Zoological Park, Bussolengo, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbati
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Scarafile
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Cammà
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens: database and bioinformatic analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Ancora
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens: database and bioinformatic analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Claudio Patavino
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens: database and bioinformatic analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Masanori Arita
- Bioinformation and DDBJ Center, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Paola Mattarelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Black PA, Keller DL, Burton MS, Bissell H. RENAL EVALUATION IN CHOLOEPUS SPECIES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 50:983-7. [PMID: 31926532 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two species of sloths in the family Megalonychidae, Hoffmann's (Choloepus hoffmanni) and Linnaeus's (Choloepus didactylus) two-toed sloths, are commonly held in zoological institutions. Despite frequent published reports of urinary tract disease in these species, reports of diagnostics are mostly limited to descriptions of hematology and serum chemistry. In this study, repeated urinalysis, urinary chemistry, serum chemistry, and radiographs were collected opportunistically from six Hoffmann's and five Linnaeus's sloths. Proteinuria, bacteriuria, low urine specific gravity, and crystalluria were common in the absence of other signs of urinary tract pathology.
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Linnehan B, Snyman H, DeLay J, Mareschal A, Jackson C, Dennison S, Haulena M. URINARY BLADDER TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA AND CARCINOMATOSIS IN A LINNAEUS'S TWO-TOED SLOTH, CHOLOEPUS DIDACTYLUS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 50:278-81. [PMID: 31120692 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 19-yr-old female Linnaeus's two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) with a history of urinary incontinence, ascites, and behavioral changes was euthanized after diagnostic imaging revealed a large bladder mass. On gross necropsy, the sloth had a severely thickened bladder mucosa, partial urinary obstruction, and nonseptic exudate in the peritoneal cavity. Histopathology showed a malignant and highly invasive transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma with transmural and intra-abdominal invasion and diffuse carcinomatosis. Immunohistochemistry for expression of pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3), cytokeratin 7 (CK7), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), and uroplakin III was performed to confirm the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma. Neoplastic cells had a strong cytoplasmic immunoreactivity with the antipancytokeratin antibody clone AE1/AE3, which was consistent with a neoplasm of epithelial origin. Neoplastic cells were negative for expression of CK20. This is the first detailed report describing the antemortem diagnosis of urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma with carcinomatosis in a two-toed sloth.
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Sheldon JD, Cushing AC, Wilkes RP, Anis E, Dubovi EJ. SEROLOGIC RESPONSE TO CANINE DISTEMPER VACCINATION IN CAPTIVE LINNAEUS'S TWO-TOED SLOTHS ( CHOLOEPUS DIDACTYLUS) AFTER A FATAL CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS OUTBREAK. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:1250-3. [PMID: 29297815 DOI: 10.1638/1042-7260-48.4.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) affects many wild and captive, nondomestic species worldwide but has not been previously reported in Xenarthra. Paucity of information on vaccination safety and efficacy presents challenges for disease prevention in captive collections. CDV infections and subsequent mortalities in five captive Linnaeus's two-toed sloths ( Choloepus didactylus) in eastern Tennessee are reported. Clinical signs included oculonasal discharge, oral ulcerations, and diarrhea, and the diagnosis was confirmed by necropsy, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, virus isolation, and polymerase chain reaction. Viral sequencing identified the strain to be consistent with a new CDV lineage currently affecting domestic dogs and wildlife in Tennessee. Seven sloths were examined and vaccinated using a recombinant CDV vaccine on days 0 and 21. Subsequent blood samples showed increased titers in 3/4 sloths. Based on the outbreak and serologic findings postvaccination without adverse effects, the authors recommend recombinant CDV vaccination in sloths exposed to known carriers of CDV.
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