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Liang P, Zhu G, Huang CL, Li YY, Sun H, Yuan B, Wu SC, Li J, Wang F, Hwang BJ, Dai H. Rechargeable Li/Cl 2 Battery Down to -80 °C. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2307192. [PMID: 37804146 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature rechargeable batteries are important to life in cold climates, polar/deep-sea expeditions, and space explorations. Here, this work reports 3.5-4 V rechargeable lithium/chlorine (Li/Cl2 ) batteries operating down to -80 °C, employing Li metal negative electrode, a novel carbon dioxide (CO2 ) activated porous carbon (KJCO2 ) as the positive electrode, and a high ionic conductivity (≈5-20 mS cm-1 from -80 °C to room-temperature) electrolyte comprised of aluminum chloride (AlCl3 ), lithium chloride (LiCl), and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in low-melting-point (-104.5 °C) thionyl chloride (SOCl2 ). Between room-temperature and -80 °C, the Li/Cl2 battery delivers up to ≈29 100-4500 mAh g-1 first discharge capacity (based on carbon mass) and a 1200-5000 mAh g-1 reversible capacity over up to 130 charge-discharge cycles. Mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy probe Cl2 trapped in the porous carbon upon LiCl electro-oxidation during charging. At -80 °C, Cl2 /SCl2 /S2 Cl2 generated by electro-oxidation in the charging step are trapped in porous KJCO2 carbon, allowing for reversible reduction to afford a high discharge voltage plateau near ≈4 V with up to ≈1000 mAh g-1 capacity for SCl2 /S2 Cl2 reduction and up to ≈4000 mAh g-1 capacity at ≈3.1 V plateau for Cl2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Guanzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Cheng-Liang Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Hao Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shu-Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jiachen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Bing-Joe Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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