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Đurđić S, Vlahović F, Ognjanović M, Gemeiner P, Sarakhman O, Stanković V, Mutić J, Stanković D, Švorc Ľ. Nano-size cobalt-doped cerium oxide particles embedded into graphitic carbon nitride for enhanced electrochemical sensing of insecticide fenitrothion in environmental samples: An experimental study with the theoretical elucidation of redox events. Sci Total Environ 2024; 909:168483. [PMID: 37977380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a nanocomposite, based on embedding Co-doped CeO2 nanoparticles into graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), was applied to functionalize commercial glassy carbon paste. This is the first application of the electrochemical sensor, developed through the proposed procedure, in electrochemical sensing. The sensor was utilized for the electrochemical determination of organophosphate pesticide fenitrothion (FNT). Cyclic voltammetry identified reversible oxidation of FNT (oxidation at 0.18 V and reduction at 0.13 V) and additional reduction at -0.62 V vs. Ag/AgCl in HCl solution (pH = 1). Theoretical calculations were carried out to model and elucidate experimentally observed redox processes. Special attention was devoted to modeling experimental conditions, and based on the obtained results, a detailed redox mechanism of the investigated analyte was proposed. This represents the first complete and unambiguous elucidation of the FNT redox mechanism, supported by joined experimental and theoretical data. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) was utilized for quantification, whereby the FNT oxidation peak was chosen for monitoring the analyte concentration. The developed sensor provided a nanomolar detection limit (3.2 nmol L-1), a wide linear concentration range (from 0.01 to 13.7 μmol L-1), and good precision, repeatability, and selectivity towards FNT. Practical application possibility was explored by testing the sensor performance for examining tap water and apple samples. Recovery tests, conducted during the FNT-spiked sample assays, showed a great application capability of the developed sensor for real-time monitoring of FNT traces in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Đurđić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studenstki trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Filip Vlahović
- Scientific Institution, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Ognjanović
- "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavol Gemeiner
- Department of Graphic Arts Technology and Applied Photochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Olha Sarakhman
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vesna Stanković
- Scientific Institution, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Mutić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studenstki trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dalibor Stanković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studenstki trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ľubomír Švorc
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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